Resource Reliance Flashcards
Where is Tanzania
East Africa
Capital of Tanzania
Dodoma
Tanzania : location
Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian ocean coastline approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) long. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north ; Burundi, Rwanda and the DRC to the west ; and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south
Facts about Tanzania
population - 58.5 million with growth rate of 2.71%
GDP per capita - $3200 USD
45% of GDP made from agriculture
22.8% of people in poverty
Food inflation rate of 25.3% per year
25 million workers - 66% in agriculture
80% of livelihoods depend on agriculture
Median age - 18.2 life expectancy - 63.9
Urban population - 35.2%
1 million people food insecure - 42% of households have inadequate food
why are rural areas in tanzania food insecure
most people in those areas are poorer subsistance farmers
Crop yields in Tanzania
often low and unreliable, not enough money to invest, mechanise and buy chemicals.
Other reasons for low crop yields in Tanzania
Poor infrastructure, struggle accessing markets, vulnerable to unpredictable climate events such as droughts
GHI and child mortality in Tanzania
getting better but child mortality still high at 6%
Undernourishment in Tanzania
Very high, averaging about 35% whereas Africa averages 20% and rest of world averages 10%
Reasons for food insecurity in tanzania
weak rural to urban food supply linkage
cash crops are dominant
vulnerable to climate
farms small and less land can be cultivated
unclear ownership laws
no food processing businesses
Where and when was the goat aid project located at
Babati, Tanzania between 1999 and 2006
what type of project was Goat aid
bottom up project
Farm africa imported ________ goats to Tanzania as they produced _ litres of milk a day. Villagers were trained in how to ____ and ____ care for the goats and treat simple ________ diseases before the goats arrived. Each goat cost £ ____ and £________ was invested. The goats were given to small groups in villages on ________ so that the villagers would value them more.
Farm Africa imported Toggenburg goats to Tanzania as they produced 3 litres of milk a day. Villagers were trained in how to keep and care for the goats and treat simple diseases before the goats arrived. Each goat cost £400 and £200000 was invested. the goats were given to small groups on villages on credit, so that the villagers would value them more.
Advantages of Goat aid
goats provided 3 litres of milk, which could be drank or used to make food. The manure also let them grow crops, giving then a nutritious diet.
The money from selling crops, milks, yoghurts and cheeses could be used to send children to school, pay medical bills and repairs.
Disadvantages of Goat aid
Goats required water which was a scarce resource.
goats could damage land, leading to desertification
veterinary bills are very expensive
small scale projects have little impact on overall food security
Canada - Tanzania wheat programme
Tanzania relied on imports for 80% of wheat and 90% of maize between 1973 - 1974. Canada gave $95 million in aid between 1968-1993.
focused on Hanang plains with 17000 hectares converted for wheat production.
African Bush turned into Prairies like landscape.
Canadians helped with finance, assistance, advice and equipment
large scale project
Machinery imported from Canada, was first free but then Tanzania had to pay for it.
cost of tractor tyres for Tanzanians from canada
$300 to $1000 dollars each
positive impacts by canada tanzania wheat programme
provided 61% of Tanzania’s wheat
121 people trained in wheat production and 150 mechanics gained skills in maintaining farm machinery
Road, Rail and electricity connections improved
Tanzania was the only country not reliant on aid in its area during the 1992 droughts
negative impacts by canada tanzania wheat programme
Yields were low
cheaper to import wheat
biodiversity and soil fertility decreased
most tanzanians could not afford bread
Spare parts and fuel for tractors and combine harvesters were not affordable.
Only a few ( about 400) jobs were created
Food security got worse
What is SAGCOT?
Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania, 1/3rd of mainland Tanzania. Still in progress, started 2010, and aimed to finish in 2030. Govt and private businesses worked together to improve food security, reduce poverty, boost agricultural productivity and ensure environmental sustainability.
Why was this area chosen for SAGCOT
major river system, lots of rainfall and sun hours. River valleys flood and grow rice and sugar. Maize grows in the rolling plains. Highland areas to grow tea and coffee. International highways and big cities. International ports and airports.
SAGCOT hub and outgrower model
large commercial farm, sends electricity everywhere and storage facilities. Main road with roads feeding to large farm and local village. outgrowers and smaller farms connected to large farm.
Likely successes for SAGCOT
some farms produced 8 times the amount of rice
better prices and improved access to markets
more markets and factories built
increased output all round
created 1221 new jobs
grown from 20 - 115 partners
estimated $0.5bn USD invested
investments increased by 4.2%
16000 local farms using technology now
$33.95m USD revenue
likely limitations for SAGCOT
not all promised investment given
more benefits given to commercial farms
small landowners not given a say in decision making
nomadic tribes lost access to water for animals
small landowners lost land for bigger platforms
some places have less farming land
resource
A resource is any physical material constituting part of Earth that people need and value.
Natural Resource
naturally occurring substances or materials such as water or oil that are valued by humans.
examples of natural resources
Trees, Water, Oil, Bauxite, Gas, Coal, Solar Energy, Iron
supply
A stock of a resource from which a person or place can be provided with the necessary amount of that resource.
demand
Consumer willingness and ability to buy products
proportion of fossil fuels in energy consumption
81%
Amount of energy used during production and transport
27%
how much of the worlds GDP is spent on energy resources
15%
Water Stress
Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use.
How much of the worlds water is saltwater
97.5%
where can you find freshwater in what quantities
68.7% in glaciers and ice caps
30.1% in groundwater stores
1.2% on surface
where can you find surface freshwater in what quantities
69% is ice or permafrost
20.9% in lakes
6.4% in soil moisture or marshland
3% in atmosphere and clouds
0.5% in rivers
0.3% in living organisms
Blue water
fresh water from rivers, lakes and groundwater
Green water
water from precipitation
Grey water
polluted or recycled water
How does fossil fuels affect our planet
causes oil spills, greenhouse gases and acid rains
destroys habitats, scars landscape
housed deep - hard to get
hazardous to environment and health
byproducts are highly toxic
releases high levels of CO2
main source of global warming
How does fishing affect our planet
70% of worlds fish population depleted
3 tonnes of fish die in nets every year
20,000 porpoises die yearly in salmon nets
how does farming affect our planet
tractors increase energy consumption
pesticides can contaminate wildlife
automation replaced workers
Fertilisers can affect environment
subsistence farming
producing just enough to meet immediate needs
more biodiversity
uses livestock over machinery
commercial farming
When all people at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain healthy and active lives.
Food Security
When all people, at all times have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and preferences for an active, healthy lifestyle.
How does temperature affect food security
Crops require a certain temperature for growth, In Britain wheat barley and grass only grow above 6 degrees Celsius
how does precipitation affect food security
Rainfall and the type of rainfall can change the type of farming. Few crops can grow in less than 250mm annually or in tropical latitudes at less than 500mm. Long steady rainfall allows infiltration and moisture for plants whereas heavy downpours can lead to soil erosion. Hail destroys crops whereas snow insulates the ground.
Lands in the Mediterranean have relatively high annual totals of rainfall but its Summer droughts restrict growth.
how does wind affect food security
strong wind rates causes soil to dry becoming vulnerable to erosion. Some winds can be beneficial as they can melt snow, etc.
The mistral wind brings cold air to the south of france while there are dust laden winds in Egypt
how does Altitude affect food security
Growth of various crops is controlled by decrease in temperature with height. When height increases, so does wind exposure, and snow and rain. Soils take longer to develop and leaching occurs.
In Britain, few grasses can give commercial yields at heights exceeding 300m.
how does Gradient affect food security
Slope affects soil depth, moisture, pH and influences erosion. Machinery cannot be used.
Terracing is used in Southeast Asia to overcome slopes.
how does aspect affect food security
crops grow best when recieving maximum radiation and sunshine.
crops on slopes in northern hemisphere should face south and vice versa
how do soils affect food security
Farming depends on soil depth, stoniness, water retention capacity, aeration, texture, pH, leaching and mineral content of soil.
Clay soils grow grasses well. Sandy soils are suited to fruit and veg. Lime soils give high cereal yields.
how does Global warming affect food security?
Greenhouse effect will lead to increase in temperature and changes in rainfall patterns. It will lead to some places that are too cold becoming major producers whereas places like Australia will become very stormy.
Southern Britain would become major producers with vines, oranges and peaches.
how does land tenure affect food security
The amount of time a lease is can change the way the farmer thinks, potentially overcropping with being unable to afford fertiliser or investment and potentially debt.
In socialist states like USSR, inefficiencies can be rife and farms can be vulnerable to environmental change.
how does transport affect food security
Efficient transport networks are needed for perishable items such as milk but for bulky goods, transportation needs to be low cost to be profitable.
Farmers closer to markets grow produce better.
how does farm size affect food security
Smaller farms tend to operate at subsistence level below due to to low value of harvest. Farms increase in size to gain greater efficiencies and become more economically successful.
In Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa, with rising populations, small farms are being further fragmented and too small for mechanisation.
WFP hunger map
Highest security around equator
global situation increased significantly since 2009
all AC’s food secure
Somalia, Afghanistan, Madagascar, DRC, Venezuela, Yemen and others food insecure
Conflict in areas of high severity
Daily calorie consumption around the world
Africa worst.
Bad in parts of south america, middle east and around equator.
Getting better.
All AC’s food secure.
Central Africa and zimbabwe worst.
Malthusian Theory
Population grows geometrically, but food grows arithmetically so there would be a crisis point.
Population growth will always outrun food supply and therefore it will be impossible to always be food secure
Positive checks in Malthusian theory
events that limit reproduction either by causing the deaths of individuals before they reach reproductive age or by causing the deaths of large numbers of people, thereby lowering the overall population so that it takes longer to get to the crisis point
preventative/negative checks in Malthusian theory
decrease birth rates (marrying later, abstinence, birth control, homeosexuality)
difference between positive and negative checks
Positive checks increased death rate
Negative checks reduced birth rate
Boserup Theory
humans will always find a way to increase food production to feed growing. populations by adapting and innovating to find solutions
Boserup theory compared to Malthus theory
Malthus - population will outgrow food
Boserup - Humans will find solutions to increase food production
Ethical Consumerism
practise of purchasing products and services produced in a way that minimises social and/or environmental damage while avoiding products and services deemed to have a negative impact on society or the environment
FairTrade
began in 1988. buys direct from producers at better prices. items have a fairtrade label. it gives a guaranteed minimum price with yearly payment bonus. eco friendly. Protects workers rights and environment. gives access to international markets.
Joining fee needed to join fairtrade. some products percieved as expensive. Farms can be inefficient without machinery.
Food waste
many supermarkets reject food. many people in acs only eat perfect looking food. some supermarkets started selling “inglorious food” and “wonky veg”.
Reducing waste increases farmers income. Better for environment to reduce waste.
Farmers could throw away veg and people might not buy wonky veg.
Seasonal Food
grown locally, less transport reducing carbon footprint. Sustainable. Gives ecosystem time to recover and cheaper.
not always to always buy local produce.
Hard to get hold of sustainable fish.
Organic Farming
Farms without chemicals. Animals are free range. Perception that organic crops are healthier leading to price rises. Limited environmental impact.
Takes 3 years to become an organic farm. Crops lost to pests and weeds. Yields are lower. Crops expensive to produce with more rules.
Intensive Farming
lots of machinery and chemicals used. makes most of all land and high yields. Easy to produce and sold cheaply. Easy to access and there are limits to how many and what chemicals can be used.
Chemicals pollute environment and bad for health of workers. If food is not washed properly, humans could consume the chemicals potentially leading to cancer. Reduces biodiversity. Fertilisers source of greenhouse gases
GM crops
Genetically modified plants with dna from other organisms. can be engineered to resist drought and frost and grow in places not suitable for production. can reduce need for pesticides and be made resistant to herbicides. can engineer food with health benefits such as golden rice.
Very expensive, extremely advanced and cannot be done everywhere, do not know what can happen to them or after eating them as they havent existed for long. Increases amounts of herbicide used.
Aeroponics and Hydroponics
way to grow without soil.
Aeroponics - plants grown with roots hanging in air and sprayed with fine mist of water and nutrients
Hydroponics - grown in other materials such as sand or pebbles, with a few nutrients and water.
easier for plant to absorb nutrients, efficient and reliable. Doesnt need soil and can produce high yields.
Extreme energy amounts used, very expensive and takes a lot of water.
Urban gardens
bottom up approach. helps local people with food, boosts diet and nutritious.
Livestock not checked for disease and waste leaches in ground.
Permaculture
intended to be sustainable and self sufficient. Increases biodiversity, soil not exhausted. high yields all over year. Soil not exhausted.
Buying mores stuff. Hard to manage, cant harvest.
peak oil
the hypothetical point in time when the global production of oil reaches its maximum rate, after which production will gradually decline.
carrying capacity
The carrying capacity of an environment is the maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment
over fishing
deplete the stock of fish in (a body of water) by excessive fishing.
by-catch meaning
a fish or other marine species that is caught unintentionally while fishing for specific species or sizes of wildlife. Bycatch is either the wrong species, the wrong sex, or is undersized or juveniles of the target species
fracking
Fracking is short for “hydraulic fracturing”, which is the process of creating fractures in rocks and rock formations by injecting specialized fluid into cracks to force them to open further. The larger fissures allow more oil and gas to flow out of the formations and into the wellbore.
what does a thermal power plant do
turns heat energy to electrical energy
child stunting
Child stunting refers to a child who is too short for their age and is the result of chronic or recurrent malnutrition. Stunting is a contributing risk factor to child mortality
high yield variety
Crops that have been bred or fertilized and can be produced by genetic modifications to increase the rate of production
