Distinctive Landscapes Flashcards
1
Q
Landscape
A
an area percieved by people, where the characteristics are the result of natural and or physical factors.
2
Q
Sedimentary rock
A
made up of small particles or layers of sand and or rock, deposited under a water body. Over many millions of years, successive layers of sediments accumulate. These layers of sediments are compressed by the weight of the deposits above, into sedimentary rocks.
3
Q
types of sedimentary rocks
A
sandstone, limestone, chalk, clay, shale
4
Q
igneous rock
A
When Lava/Magma cools down, it forms igneous rocks. The slower it takes to cool down, the more crystals are formed within the rock.
5
Q
intrusive igneous rock
A
Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet.
6
Q
extrusive igneous rock
A
Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground
7
Q
how do crystals form in igneous rock?
A
When lava comes out of a volcano and solidifies into extrusive igneous rock, also called volcanic, the rock cools very quickly. Crystals inside solid volcanic rocks are small because they do not have much time to form until the rock cools all the way, which stops the crystal growth.
8
Q
What is weathering
A
the disintegration or decay of rocks in their original place at or close to ground surface, it is largely caused by precipitate
9
Q
Mechanical weathering
A
the physical disintegration of rock, resulting in smaller fragments
10
Q
chemical weathering
A
The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
11
Q
biological weathering
A
any weathering that’s caused by the activities of living organisms.
12
Q
Hydraulic action
A
The force of the water breaks rock particles away from the river channel
13
Q
Aven
A
Vertical Shaft
14
Q
active cave
A
Cave passage with flowing stream
15
Q
boulder hole
A
Fallen rocks obscuring passage
16
Q
Cavern
A
large cave chamber
17
Q
Pitch/Shaft
A
Vertical shaft requiring ladder/rope to descend
18
Q
Shakehole
A
a surface depression from collapse of rock, indicates presence of cave
19
Q
Sink
A
Where surface water enters ground
20
Q
stalactite
A
A deposit that hangs like an icicle from the roof of a cave
21
Q
Stalagmite
A
A cone-shaped calcite deposit that builds up from the floor of a cave
22
Q
Straw
A
Hollow Stalactite
23
Q
Sump
A
flooded cave passage
24
Q
british mountaun ranges
A
Pennines, Scottish Highlands, Snowdonia, Cambrian Mountains, Southern Uplands, North-West Highlands, Dartmoor, Breacon Beacons, North-York moors, Cumbrian Mountains, Grampians
25
Uplands
an area of high or hilly land.
26
Uplands in UK
majority of uplands land in UK in Scotland, Wales and Central-Northern UK. Tees-exe line roughly divides Britain into upland regions on the north side and lowlands on the south side.
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Geology of Uplands areas
Majority formed into Igneous and Metamorphic Rock
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Climate of Uplands areas
Cold, windy. A lot of rain. High altitude, Relief Rainfall and there could be snow
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Landscape of Uplands areas
Scenic, steep rocks, jagged and undulating
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Habitats of Uplands areas
Bears would have lived in Upland areas, a few snakes, blanket bog, Grassland, Heathland, Limestone pastures
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Landforms in uplands areas
Tors - formed by erosion and weathering of rock and Batholiths
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Human activity in Uplands areas
Photography, Walking and Hiking, Tourism, Skiing, Mining.
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Lowlands
areas of low elevation containing plains and hills
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Lowlands in UK
Majority of southern Scotland, Part of Wales, Northern Ireland, and Southern England and the Midlands
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Geology of Lowlands areas
Mainly Sedimentary Rock
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Climate of lowlands areas
Convectional Rainfall-evenly spread out, warmer and more stable ranges of temperature
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Landscape of lowlands areas
Flat plains and a lot of rolling hills
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Habitats of lowlands areas
Freshwater, Coastal, Woodland, Heathland and Grassland
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Landforms of lowlands areas
Meanders, Basins, Waterfalls, Oxbow Lakes, Rapids, Floodplains and Estuaries
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Human activity in Lowlands areas
Farming, Walks
41
Glaciated
covered or having been covered by glaciers or ice sheets
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Glaciated areas in UK
Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, Northern England down to Midlands
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Geology in Glaciated areas
Metamorphic, Igneous and Sedimentary - mixed geology
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Climate in glaciated areas
mixed climate
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Landscape in glaciated areas
Wild variety of landscapes
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Habitats in Glaciated areas
mixed habitats
47
Landforms in glaciated areas
Corries, U-Shaped valleys, Arétes, Drumlins and Erratics
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Human activity in glaciated areas
Hiking, Tourism, Rock climbing
49
what does wave energy depend on
Wave energy depends on the fetch, strengh of the wind and the length of time over which the wind has blown
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Fetch meaning
The area in which ocean waves are generated by the wind. Also refers to the length of the fetch area, measured in the direction of the wind.
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Swash
The movement of water up the beach after a wave breaks.
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Backwash
Water that rolls back down a beach after a wave has broken, it is always at a 90 degree angle
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Longshore drift
Longshore (littoral) drift is the movement of material along the shore by wave action. It happens when waves approach the beach at the angle of the prevailing wind. The swash (waves moving up the beach) carries material up and along the beach.
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Abrasion
Waves pick rocks, smash on coast, wearing it away
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solution
rocks like limestone slowly dissolve in water
56
Attrittion
Pebbles picked up by waves, bash into each other, wearing down into smaller rounder pebbles
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Hydraulic Action
waves crash against coast, forcing air into cracks and breaking up rock
58
Factors affecting Coastal processes
waves and currents.
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What are waves a result of?
Waves are the result of wind blowing over the sea. As they approach the land, they break. The bottom of the wave touches the sand and slows down due to increased friction. The top of the wave becomes higher and steeper until it topples over
60
Destructive Waves
Waves with high energy and frequency, erodes beach, carries sand and other material with them in their backwash
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Constructive waves
waves with low frequency, low backwash, carries pieces from ocean eroded by destructive waves to build beaches, not enough energy for backwash.
62
where is the UK's prevailing wind
South-West England
63
Fault meaning
A fault is a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock. Faults allow the blocks to move relative to each other.
64
Stack
Stack - An isolated pillar of rock left when the top of an arch has collapsed; over time further erosion reduces the stack to a smaller, lower stump.
65
Stump
Stack - An isolated pillar of rock left when the top of an arch has collapsed; over time further erosion reduces the stack to a smaller, lower stump.
66
How does a cliff form into a stump?
Erosion and weathering leads part of the cliff to be formed into a cave, then an arch, a stack and finally a stump
67
Rock fall
A rockfall or rock-fall is a quantity/sheets of rock that has fallen freely from a cliff face. Fragments of rock break away from cliff face due to weathetring
68
Landslide
Blocks of Rock slide downhill. A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope.
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Mudslide
Mudslides develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground and results in a surge of water-saturated rock, earth, and debris. Mudslides usually start on steep slopes.
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Formation of an arch
Rocks are less resistant, more vulnerable to erosion. Hydraulic action can erode a small crack to a large archeway
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Formation of a Cove
Concordant coastline, softer rock is eroded easily and left behind and layers are created
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Formation of a Bay
Layers of softer rock are eroded more frequently than compact rocks, creating a bay with the compact rocks at the sides and softer rocks more inwards.
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Why do Coastlines need to be managed
Natural processes can harm people and damage property, infrastucture and land.
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Hard engineering
Building artificial structures such as sea walls aimed at controlling natural processes to protect coastline. Can be expensive and needs to be continually mantained or rebuilt
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Soft Engineering
Managing erosion by working with natural processes to help restore beaches and coastal ecosystems, Less cheaper and easier to mantain.
76
Sea Wall
Hard Engineering. Wall built along sea front to protect cliffs and buildings. Protects coastal flooding. Expensive to build. Waves can bounce off, eroding material on beach.
77
Groynes
Hard Engineering. Barriers are built at right angles to prevent transport of material. Allows beach to build up as a natural defence against erosion. Can be unattractive, it prevents longshore drift and starves other beaches along the same coastline of material.
78
Rock Armour
Hard Engineering. Large Boulders are placed along coastline to absorb wave energy. Cheap and Efficient but unattractive and dangerous.
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Offshore reef
Hard engineering. Concrete blocks and boulders positioned offshore, forcing waves to break before reaching coast
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Beach Nourishment
Soft engineering. Imports more sand to make beach higher and wider. Cheap and keeps natural appearance. Requires constant maintenance.
81
Managed Retreat
Soft Engineering. low value coastal land allowed to erode/flood. Cheap and encourages natural development of beach or salt marsh. People can lose property or land and compensation would have to be paid.
82
Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)
An integrated coastal management plan for a stretch of coastline in England and Wales
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SMP option (Do Nothing)
Allow natural processes to happen. This is when land or property has lower value than cost of sea defences
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SMP option (hold line)
use hard/soft engineering to mantain sea defences. Expensive options only used when property value is greater than the cost of sea defences
85
SMP option (Retreat)
Create gap in existing sea defences to allow land to flood. Cheap - provides natural barrier to further erosion
86
SMP Option (Advance Line)
Build new defences further out creating new land. Involves Hard engineering. Essential for big, expensive coastal projects such as estuary airports
87
Water Cycle (Hydrological Cycle)
The continuous process of evaporation, condensation, precipitation
88
Evaporation (water cycle)
the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas
89
Precipitation (water cycle)
Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
90
condensation (water cycle)
the cooling of water vapor that changes to water droplets that cling together - clouds form
91
Transpiration (water cycle)
When water vapor is released from plants into the air
92
Interception (water cycle)
Interception refers to all processes that prevent rainfall from immediately reaching the soil. Vegetation intercepts water in two ways: by catching rainfall on leaf surfaces throughout the canopy, and through the litter that it deposits on the ground.
93
Surface runoff
Water flowing off the land into bodies of surface water.
94
Infiltration (water cycle)
This is where water seeps through the ground and through the group and rocks to become groundwater
95
Soil moisture storage
the volume of water in the subsurface soil-moisture zone that is accessible to plant roots
96
Throughflow
Water flowing through the soil layer parallel to the surface
97
Groundwater storage
The storage of water underground in permeable rock strata
98
Percolation (water cycle)
The downward movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity.
99
drainage basin
the area from which a single stream or river and its tributaries drains all of the water
100
River source
the point where a river begins
101
watershed
highest point of drainage basin
102
Tributary
A stream or river that flows into a larger river
103
Confluence
the point where two streams join to form one larger stream or point where tributary meets river
104
River mouth
the point where a river enters a lake or sea
105
River catchment
same as drainage basin
106
River at source
shallow steep and rocky.
107
River at mouth
deep and slow, flat at sea level, wide, depositing material into sea.
108
what changes rate of erosion in a river
Amount of energy
109
transportation
When rocks are carried along in a river
110
Load
amount of material being carried by river
111
Bedload
heavy material carried along bottom of river
112
Suspension
Fine, light material is carried along by the river
113
Solution ( River Transportation )
minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution
114
Traction
Large boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed
115
Saltation
Small pebbles and stones are bounced along the river bed
116
Deposition
When a river does not have enough energy to carry its load, it drops it
117
Reasons for deposition
Reduction in gradient
