Distinctive Landscapes Flashcards
Landscape
an area percieved by people, where the characteristics are the result of natural and or physical factors.
Sedimentary rock
made up of small particles or layers of sand and or rock, deposited under a water body. Over many millions of years, successive layers of sediments accumulate. These layers of sediments are compressed by the weight of the deposits above, into sedimentary rocks.
types of sedimentary rocks
sandstone, limestone, chalk, clay, shale
igneous rock
When Lava/Magma cools down, it forms igneous rocks. The slower it takes to cool down, the more crystals are formed within the rock.
intrusive igneous rock
Intrusive rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet.
extrusive igneous rock
Extrusive rocks are formed on the surface of the Earth from lava, which is magma that has emerged from underground
how do crystals form in igneous rock?
When lava comes out of a volcano and solidifies into extrusive igneous rock, also called volcanic, the rock cools very quickly. Crystals inside solid volcanic rocks are small because they do not have much time to form until the rock cools all the way, which stops the crystal growth.
What is weathering
the disintegration or decay of rocks in their original place at or close to ground surface, it is largely caused by precipitate
Mechanical weathering
the physical disintegration of rock, resulting in smaller fragments
chemical weathering
The process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
biological weathering
any weathering that’s caused by the activities of living organisms.
Hydraulic action
The force of the water breaks rock particles away from the river channel
Aven
Vertical Shaft
active cave
Cave passage with flowing stream
boulder hole
Fallen rocks obscuring passage
Cavern
large cave chamber
Pitch/Shaft
Vertical shaft requiring ladder/rope to descend
Shakehole
a surface depression from collapse of rock, indicates presence of cave
Sink
Where surface water enters ground
stalactite
A deposit that hangs like an icicle from the roof of a cave
Stalagmite
A cone-shaped calcite deposit that builds up from the floor of a cave
Straw
Hollow Stalactite
Sump
flooded cave passage
british mountaun ranges
Pennines, Scottish Highlands, Snowdonia, Cambrian Mountains, Southern Uplands, North-West Highlands, Dartmoor, Breacon Beacons, North-York moors, Cumbrian Mountains, Grampians
Uplands
an area of high or hilly land.
Uplands in UK
majority of uplands land in UK in Scotland, Wales and Central-Northern UK. Tees-exe line roughly divides Britain into upland regions on the north side and lowlands on the south side.
Geology of Uplands areas
Majority formed into Igneous and Metamorphic Rock
Climate of Uplands areas
Cold, windy. A lot of rain. High altitude, Relief Rainfall and there could be snow
Landscape of Uplands areas
Scenic, steep rocks, jagged and undulating
Habitats of Uplands areas
Bears would have lived in Upland areas, a few snakes, blanket bog, Grassland, Heathland, Limestone pastures
Landforms in uplands areas
Tors - formed by erosion and weathering of rock and Batholiths
Human activity in Uplands areas
Photography, Walking and Hiking, Tourism, Skiing, Mining.
Lowlands
areas of low elevation containing plains and hills
Lowlands in UK
Majority of southern Scotland, Part of Wales, Northern Ireland, and Southern England and the Midlands
Geology of Lowlands areas
Mainly Sedimentary Rock
Climate of lowlands areas
Convectional Rainfall-evenly spread out, warmer and more stable ranges of temperature
Landscape of lowlands areas
Flat plains and a lot of rolling hills
Habitats of lowlands areas
Freshwater, Coastal, Woodland, Heathland and Grassland
Landforms of lowlands areas
Meanders, Basins, Waterfalls, Oxbow Lakes, Rapids, Floodplains and Estuaries
Human activity in Lowlands areas
Farming, Walks
Glaciated
covered or having been covered by glaciers or ice sheets
Glaciated areas in UK
Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, Northern England down to Midlands
Geology in Glaciated areas
Metamorphic, Igneous and Sedimentary - mixed geology
Climate in glaciated areas
mixed climate
Landscape in glaciated areas
Wild variety of landscapes
Habitats in Glaciated areas
mixed habitats