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Superpowers Geog > Resource Consumption > Flashcards

Resource Consumption Flashcards

1
Q

Top import for I / C

A

crude oil

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2
Q

Who is more reliant on coal imports? I / C

A

India

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3
Q

Globally how does the Indian pharmaceutical industry place in size?

A

4th largest globally

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4
Q

What are labour costs in India comparative to the USA?

A

20%

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5
Q

What is notably about China’s top 5 exports?

A

all high-tech electronics

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6
Q

2nd top destination for india; why may this be?

A

UAE

exportation of services

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7
Q

Where is the top export destination for I / C?

A

USA

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8
Q

Who holds the greater market in the USA? C/I

Why may this be?

A

China

India has not tapped into ‘just in time’ market

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9
Q

Example of where China produces in BULK and India produces HIGH QUAL products

A

Chinese steel ‘dumping

India cannot compete on this scale - so produces high QUALITY steel

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10
Q

Telecommunications and computers now make up what % of CHina’s exports?

A

25%

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11
Q

How many more state owned businesses in China than in India?

A

X190

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12
Q

What type of policy does India have to help domestic businesses? What is this at the expense of?

A

Protectionist policies

FDI

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13
Q

Regulations in China mean foreign companies wanting to manufacture / sell in China need to do what? What is this helping?

A

Need to set up joint ventures

Helps give domestic enterprises business

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14
Q

What type of superpower continent is Asia currently?

A

Unipolar

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15
Q

In terms of Fortune 500 companies what is the world increasingly becoming?

A

Bipolar (China vs USA)

and multipolar (rise of BRICS)

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16
Q

What has happened to India’s number of Fortune 500 companies?

A

X2

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17
Q

What has happened to China’s number of Fortune 500 companies?

A

X6

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18
Q

Compare China and India’s growth of Fortune 500 companies

A

Both growing
China’s growth is at much greater pace

At the expense of western capitalist nations

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19
Q

China and India and the OECD

A

neither members

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20
Q

China and India and the WTO

A

China : 2001

India : 1995

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21
Q

China / India and United Nations

A

Both members

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22
Q

China’s special position within the UN

A

Permanent Security Council member

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23
Q

Example of China using position as permanent security council member with a veto

A

vetoed interventions Western powers sought in Syria / Sudan

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24
Q

What is the most difficult criteria in India for doing business? What does this suggest?

A

enforcing contracts

weak legal system
presence of mass corruption

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25
Q

China’s water poverty comes from issues with ..

A

resources

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26
Q

India’s water poverty comes from issues with…

What will its problems include in the future

A

accessibility

resources since growing population

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27
Q

Where has greater domestic use per person for water, India or China?

A

China

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28
Q

China is the largest consumer of all resources on the pre-release except what?

A

timber

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29
Q

China’s resource use can be described as

A

inefficient and consequently unsustainable

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30
Q

China needs what mass of materials to generate $1 of GDP

What is the equivalent in OECD countries?

A
  1. 5kg = $1 GDP in China

0. 5kg = $1 GDP in OECD

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31
Q

Reason for China consuming largest % of rice / meat

A

nutritional transition has occurred

increase in wealth means more food and higher value foods can be afforded (e.g rising protein intake)

large population

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32
Q

Why can nutritional resource consumption not be a good indicator of development?

A
  • nutritional intake may be influenced by cultural factors

- richer areas may have higher intake but greater diversity

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33
Q

Why does the EU have the highest timber consumption?

A

more reliant on biofuels

suggests has undergone sufficient development to prioritise environmental concerns

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34
Q

What country has the largest land area?

A

Russia

35
Q

China’s global ranking in land area

India’s global ranking in land area

A

3rd - China

7th - India

36
Q

Average wage in China compared to Europe and US

A

1/10

37
Q

Comment on China’s consumption of the following resources;

  • copper
  • cement
  • oil production
A
  • 1/2 of world’s copper
  • largest consumer of cement in the world
  • 10% of world’s oil production
38
Q

How many jobs lost for every 1% downturn in China’s economy?

A

5.4million

39
Q

Rapid growth of India-China may suggest what about peak oil?

A
  • may come sooner than expected

- esp. since it is India and China’s top import

40
Q

Where has China secured investment in for rice production?

A
  • Ukraine has leased 5% of its land

- Tanzania

41
Q

Why is China’s imports of metal so high?

A
  • for infrastructure development

- for industry and manufacturing exports

42
Q

What is to happen to energy use by 2050? Where is this demand from?

A

increase 30-60%

Most from India / China

43
Q

Agricultural practices usually use what in developing countries?

A

more water consumption due to lack of sustainable technologies

also due to inefficient crop choices
e.g cut flowers in Kenya

44
Q

Who is the most important player in emissions reductions? Who will suffer more due to climate change, India or China?

A

China the more important player

India will suffer more in temperature increases

45
Q

What % of the world’s arable land and freshwater does China have?

A

only 7%

46
Q

How many Chinese businesses operating in Africa?

A

800,000

47
Q

Who is China’s largest supplier of oil?

A

Angola

48
Q

Other permanent members of Security Council with China

A

UK, USA, Russia, France

49
Q

What has China’s support for Sudanese government been seen by West as?

A

legitimising brutal dictatorships

50
Q

Argument for why China’s investment in Africa should not be seen as neo-colonialism?

A

stock of direct investment still lags far behind Britain and France’s

only 1/3 of USA’s

51
Q

India is burdened in its development due to unreliable energy. When was this a severe problem?

A

2012 : northern grid network collapsed due to demand

300million people in darkness

52
Q

CO2 emissions per capita:

A

China : 6.7 metric tonnes

India : 1.7 metric tonnes

USA : 17metric tonnes

53
Q

Cost of air pollution in China annually;

A

6.5% of annual GDP

54
Q

China’s position in renewables

A

world’s largest total carbon emitter
yet leader in renewables

Signed onto Paris 2015 Climate Deal - new direction

55
Q

China’s leadership has disputed what argument that food production would not keep up with population increase

A

MALTHUSIAN

56
Q

what type of pollution is causing mass damage to agricultural GDP and production in China?

A

acid rain from sulphur dioxide emissions

57
Q

What has caused the absolute amount of arable land to decline in both India and China and India? X4

A
  • increasing fertiliser / pesticide use
  • intensive farming
  • urbanisation / construction
  • natural disasters
58
Q

Temperature increases by 2050, India and China;

A

India - 3.0-3.5%

China - 1.5%-2%

59
Q

World’s most polluted city in terms of greatest number of particulates per m^3

A

New Delhi

60
Q

Which view points to how climate change and environmental determinism will worsen future availability of resources?

A

Global Trends 2030, View 1

61
Q

How many nuclear plants has China planned to be in building by 2020? How much are they investing?

A

32 plants

$50billion

62
Q

What fraction of China’s oil is imported?

What fraction of India’s oil is imported?

A

2/3 - India

1/3 - China

63
Q

What may increased demand and competitions for fossil fuels do?

A

drive transition towards renewables

64
Q

Consequences of increased temperature for both India and China;

A
  • desertification
  • salt-water incursion via thermal expansion
  • intensification of natural hazards
65
Q

Reasons why consequences of increased temperature be greater for India?

A
  • India’s temperature increase is greater
  • Rice is one of India’s top 5 exports
  • 18% of India’s GDP is agriculture based
  • India is smaller by land area - so less land available
  • less water efficient tech available
  • India has greater low lying area
66
Q

What % of global metal consumption does China account for?

What figure shows resource consumption?

A

27%

Figure 13

67
Q

What fraction of the global increase in pesticide and fertiliser use will come from Asia?

Who reported this?

A

2/3

World Trends 2030

68
Q

Consequences of global increase in food demand;

A
  • pressure on water /land
  • cash-cropping
    (so decreased biodiversity / land productivity)
  • deforestation
  • poor terms of trade maintained due to ‘race to the bottom’ for prices
69
Q

Ecosystem sustainability ratings (as part of SDI)

China

India

A

52 / 100 - China

42 / 100 - India

70
Q

% of population with access to piped water;

China

india

A

China - 70%

India - 25%

71
Q

What is the consequence of current low oil prices for India / China?

A
  • currently beneficial in terms of cheaper imports

= means they are less likely to invest in sustainable tech in the immediate future

72
Q

Who is more dependent on imported energy resources? How is this shown?

A

Coal, oil and gas are all in India’s top 5 imports

73
Q

What does an increase in food prices also create?

A

social discontent over other grievances (e.g low wages / poor governance)

74
Q

What is urbanisation doing in relation to the environment?

A

destruction of greenbelt sites
affecting ecosystems
habitat loss
land degradation

75
Q

What view highlights how climate change will worsen the outlook for the availability of critical resources?

A

VIEW 1

76
Q

Example of increasing price of resources as demand increases;

A

X3 of the largest companies increased iron ore prices 70% in 2008

77
Q

What does an increase in prices of critical resources mean for the development gap?

A

harder for LICs to catch up

78
Q

What will increasing resource insecurity mean geopolitically?

A

militarisation to ensure security of resources

more “Zero Sum Solutions”
one country gaining security at the expense of another e.g dams

79
Q

What does increasing resource consumption mean for resource-rich countries?

A

increased income generation

although may still be under poor terms of trade

80
Q

Obesity levels;

India -

China -

A

India - 3%

China - 7%

81
Q

How does the nutritional transition influence countries ?

A
  • decline of traditional culture
  • “developed country diseases”
    e. g diabetes
  • increase in processed foods / imported foods
82
Q

What stage of nutritional transition, and describe;

China -

India -

A

China - stage 4
overeating

India - stage 3
end of famine (green revolution)
improved nutriton

83
Q

India and meat consumption;

Why?

A

worlds lowest per capita meat consumption

lack of wealth / low GDP per capita
and cultural / religious traditions

84
Q

Why is nutrition a poor indicator of development?

A

does not take into account;

  • cultural / religious factors
  • westernisation
  • rich areas have high diversity
  • availability of domestic production

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