Resource Consumption Flashcards
Top import for I / C
crude oil
Who is more reliant on coal imports? I / C
India
Globally how does the Indian pharmaceutical industry place in size?
4th largest globally
What are labour costs in India comparative to the USA?
20%
What is notably about China’s top 5 exports?
all high-tech electronics
2nd top destination for india; why may this be?
UAE
exportation of services
Where is the top export destination for I / C?
USA
Who holds the greater market in the USA? C/I
Why may this be?
China
India has not tapped into ‘just in time’ market
Example of where China produces in BULK and India produces HIGH QUAL products
Chinese steel ‘dumping
India cannot compete on this scale - so produces high QUALITY steel
Telecommunications and computers now make up what % of CHina’s exports?
25%
How many more state owned businesses in China than in India?
X190
What type of policy does India have to help domestic businesses? What is this at the expense of?
Protectionist policies
FDI
Regulations in China mean foreign companies wanting to manufacture / sell in China need to do what? What is this helping?
Need to set up joint ventures
Helps give domestic enterprises business
What type of superpower continent is Asia currently?
Unipolar
In terms of Fortune 500 companies what is the world increasingly becoming?
Bipolar (China vs USA)
and multipolar (rise of BRICS)
What has happened to India’s number of Fortune 500 companies?
X2
What has happened to China’s number of Fortune 500 companies?
X6
Compare China and India’s growth of Fortune 500 companies
Both growing
China’s growth is at much greater pace
At the expense of western capitalist nations
China and India and the OECD
neither members
China and India and the WTO
China : 2001
India : 1995
China / India and United Nations
Both members
China’s special position within the UN
Permanent Security Council member
Example of China using position as permanent security council member with a veto
vetoed interventions Western powers sought in Syria / Sudan
What is the most difficult criteria in India for doing business? What does this suggest?
enforcing contracts
weak legal system
presence of mass corruption
China’s water poverty comes from issues with ..
resources
India’s water poverty comes from issues with…
What will its problems include in the future
accessibility
resources since growing population
Where has greater domestic use per person for water, India or China?
China
China is the largest consumer of all resources on the pre-release except what?
timber
China’s resource use can be described as
inefficient and consequently unsustainable
China needs what mass of materials to generate $1 of GDP
What is the equivalent in OECD countries?
- 5kg = $1 GDP in China
0. 5kg = $1 GDP in OECD
Reason for China consuming largest % of rice / meat
nutritional transition has occurred
increase in wealth means more food and higher value foods can be afforded (e.g rising protein intake)
large population
Why can nutritional resource consumption not be a good indicator of development?
- nutritional intake may be influenced by cultural factors
- richer areas may have higher intake but greater diversity
Why does the EU have the highest timber consumption?
more reliant on biofuels
suggests has undergone sufficient development to prioritise environmental concerns
What country has the largest land area?
Russia
China’s global ranking in land area
India’s global ranking in land area
3rd - China
7th - India
Average wage in China compared to Europe and US
1/10
Comment on China’s consumption of the following resources;
- copper
- cement
- oil production
- 1/2 of world’s copper
- largest consumer of cement in the world
- 10% of world’s oil production
How many jobs lost for every 1% downturn in China’s economy?
5.4million
Rapid growth of India-China may suggest what about peak oil?
- may come sooner than expected
- esp. since it is India and China’s top import
Where has China secured investment in for rice production?
- Ukraine has leased 5% of its land
- Tanzania
Why is China’s imports of metal so high?
- for infrastructure development
- for industry and manufacturing exports
What is to happen to energy use by 2050? Where is this demand from?
increase 30-60%
Most from India / China
Agricultural practices usually use what in developing countries?
more water consumption due to lack of sustainable technologies
also due to inefficient crop choices
e.g cut flowers in Kenya
Who is the most important player in emissions reductions? Who will suffer more due to climate change, India or China?
China the more important player
India will suffer more in temperature increases
What % of the world’s arable land and freshwater does China have?
only 7%
How many Chinese businesses operating in Africa?
800,000
Who is China’s largest supplier of oil?
Angola
Other permanent members of Security Council with China
UK, USA, Russia, France
What has China’s support for Sudanese government been seen by West as?
legitimising brutal dictatorships
Argument for why China’s investment in Africa should not be seen as neo-colonialism?
stock of direct investment still lags far behind Britain and France’s
only 1/3 of USA’s
India is burdened in its development due to unreliable energy. When was this a severe problem?
2012 : northern grid network collapsed due to demand
300million people in darkness
CO2 emissions per capita:
China : 6.7 metric tonnes
India : 1.7 metric tonnes
USA : 17metric tonnes
Cost of air pollution in China annually;
6.5% of annual GDP
China’s position in renewables
world’s largest total carbon emitter
yet leader in renewables
Signed onto Paris 2015 Climate Deal - new direction
China’s leadership has disputed what argument that food production would not keep up with population increase
MALTHUSIAN
what type of pollution is causing mass damage to agricultural GDP and production in China?
acid rain from sulphur dioxide emissions
What has caused the absolute amount of arable land to decline in both India and China and India? X4
- increasing fertiliser / pesticide use
- intensive farming
- urbanisation / construction
- natural disasters
Temperature increases by 2050, India and China;
India - 3.0-3.5%
China - 1.5%-2%
World’s most polluted city in terms of greatest number of particulates per m^3
New Delhi
Which view points to how climate change and environmental determinism will worsen future availability of resources?
Global Trends 2030, View 1
How many nuclear plants has China planned to be in building by 2020? How much are they investing?
32 plants
$50billion
What fraction of China’s oil is imported?
What fraction of India’s oil is imported?
2/3 - India
1/3 - China
What may increased demand and competitions for fossil fuels do?
drive transition towards renewables
Consequences of increased temperature for both India and China;
- desertification
- salt-water incursion via thermal expansion
- intensification of natural hazards
Reasons why consequences of increased temperature be greater for India?
- India’s temperature increase is greater
- Rice is one of India’s top 5 exports
- 18% of India’s GDP is agriculture based
- India is smaller by land area - so less land available
- less water efficient tech available
- India has greater low lying area
What % of global metal consumption does China account for?
What figure shows resource consumption?
27%
Figure 13
What fraction of the global increase in pesticide and fertiliser use will come from Asia?
Who reported this?
2/3
World Trends 2030
Consequences of global increase in food demand;
- pressure on water /land
- cash-cropping
(so decreased biodiversity / land productivity) - deforestation
- poor terms of trade maintained due to ‘race to the bottom’ for prices
Ecosystem sustainability ratings (as part of SDI)
China
India
52 / 100 - China
42 / 100 - India
% of population with access to piped water;
China
india
China - 70%
India - 25%
What is the consequence of current low oil prices for India / China?
- currently beneficial in terms of cheaper imports
= means they are less likely to invest in sustainable tech in the immediate future
Who is more dependent on imported energy resources? How is this shown?
Coal, oil and gas are all in India’s top 5 imports
What does an increase in food prices also create?
social discontent over other grievances (e.g low wages / poor governance)
What is urbanisation doing in relation to the environment?
destruction of greenbelt sites
affecting ecosystems
habitat loss
land degradation
What view highlights how climate change will worsen the outlook for the availability of critical resources?
VIEW 1
Example of increasing price of resources as demand increases;
X3 of the largest companies increased iron ore prices 70% in 2008
What does an increase in prices of critical resources mean for the development gap?
harder for LICs to catch up
What will increasing resource insecurity mean geopolitically?
militarisation to ensure security of resources
more “Zero Sum Solutions”
one country gaining security at the expense of another e.g dams
What does increasing resource consumption mean for resource-rich countries?
increased income generation
although may still be under poor terms of trade
Obesity levels;
India -
China -
India - 3%
China - 7%
How does the nutritional transition influence countries ?
- decline of traditional culture
- “developed country diseases”
e. g diabetes - increase in processed foods / imported foods
What stage of nutritional transition, and describe;
China -
India -
China - stage 4
overeating
India - stage 3
end of famine (green revolution)
improved nutriton
India and meat consumption;
Why?
worlds lowest per capita meat consumption
lack of wealth / low GDP per capita
and cultural / religious traditions
Why is nutrition a poor indicator of development?
does not take into account;
- cultural / religious factors
- westernisation
- rich areas have high diversity
- availability of domestic production
