Balance of Power 2.0 Flashcards
In 1990 what type of global power type was the world in?
USA was a hyperpower
2010 What type of global power type was the world in?
Unipolar
By 2030 what type of global power type was the world predicted to be in?
Bipolar
Historically whenever a new power has challenged an existing power, what has been the case?
Give examples
conflict ensues
e. g Cold War
e. g Japan-USA
What does the World Trends Report suggest the USA’s position will be in 2030?
Will remain a superpower
but with a declining status
What type of cycles suggest the theory of the global shift of power at different times?
Give examples
Kondratieff Cycles
e.g Great Depression
Define : superpower
globally dominant, with large economic, political and cultural influence and possesses global military reach
Define : emerging power
countries with potential to be a superpower
large and growing economy with increasing military and political influence
What type of power are IGOs an example of?
Explain this
SMART power
Involves CULTURAL HEGEMONY AND GEOPOLITICAL DOMINANCE at the negotiating table to maintain power and influence
IMF Votes :
China -
India -
USA -
China - 3.7%
India - 1.9%
USA - 16.8%
Why are many questioning the influence of MULTILATERAL IGOs?
questioning their legitimacy since they do not reflect the changing economic hierarchy
What is debt arguably used as a instrument for by IGOs?
as a means to implement their policies or ideologies in developing countries
e.g SAPs
How many members in NATO?
What is NATO?
What is NATOs aim?
28 members
alliance of powerful european and n.american countries
aim to maintain security of north atlantic and to promote democratic values
When did industrialisation begin?
- UK
- China & India
1800 - UK
1950 - China and India
What impact will military spending have on USA’s military alliances?
As military spending decreases,
= Washington less able to draw on historical alliances
= relationships will diminish
X3 factors holding back India’s ability to exert hard power’
- limited military capacity
- limited positions within IGOs
- history of relative neutrality since independence
What is cultural traffic?
give an example
the flow of cultural influence in one direction
e.g westernisation of the Chinese diet
What is banal imperialism?
where one culture overpowers another
the receiving of culture passively
What is electronic colonialism?
Is China susceptible to it?
spread of culture via multi-media TNCs (e.g SKY / CNN)
China is not very susceptible since content is strictly censored
China is unlikely to challenge USA as a soft power. However, in what ways have they exerted cultural influence?
- Beijing 2008 olympics provides global platform
Factors for USA weakening;
- vulnerability to TERRORISM
- economic COMPETITION
- international AUTHORITY UNDERMINED
- DEPENDENCY
- CONVERGENCE of MILITARY SPENDING
Example of US being susceptible to economic competition
markets being stolen by BRICs
= declining number of Fortune 500s
weakened by financial crises and recessions
How has the USA’s international authority been undermined?
certain foreign policy decisions
e.g Iraq / Afghanistan wars unpopular
many countries want a decline in the USAs hegemonic behaviour
= rise in anti-westernisation sentiment
Historically what has been the ability of superpowers to maintain power?
unable to maintain power
e.g British Empire
Kontraditeff cycles often generate change
Reason why the change of superpower influence may become more rapid than ever?
increased interdependence between countries and increasing rate of globalisation
World Trends Report suggest what about the future global economy?
suggests it will be one of GROWING MULTI-POLARITY and thus GREATER FRAGILITY
Why does the World Trends Report suggest the economy in the future will have greater fragility
- absence of a hegemonic power
- emerging powers and superpowers will focus on domestic imperatives without regarding impact on others
Why may the impacts of future global economic depressions be more cushioned in Europe, but not in India / China?
absence of generous welfare / social security systems in India and China
Example of USA and multi-lateral IGOs being undermined by BRIC decisions in economics (2012)
2012 BRIC Summit
= proposal for south-south DEVELOPMENT BANK
(BRIC FUNDED)
alternative to World Bank
