researchers Flashcards
approaches - two key figures involved in the creation of psychology as a science
Wundt - introspection
Watson - behaviourism
approaches - key philosophers
Descartes - dualism
John Locke - empiricism (nothing is innate)
Darwin - evolution
approaches - behaviourists
Pavlov - classica conditioning
Skinner - operant conditioning
approaches - experiment into social learning theory
Bandura, Bobo doll experiment
approaches - psychodynamic approach, tripartite theory of personality and psychosexual stages
Freud
approaches - key freudian case study into psychosexual stages and displacement.
Little Hans
approaches - two key humanists
Maslow - hierarchy of needs
Rogers - client centred therapy
biopsychology - language centres of the brain
Brocas area - production
Wernickes area - comprehension
biopsychology - brain scanning evidence for localisation of language. Broca’s area active during reading, Wernicke’s during listening
Petersen et al.
biopsychology - Brain scanning evidence for localisation of memory. semantic on left of prefrontal cortex, episodic on right
Tulving et al.
biopsychology - neurosurgical evidence for localisation. patients who had undergone a cingulotomy to treat severe OCD improved compared to a control.
Dougherty
biopsychology - famous case study evidence for localisation showing severe personality change after injury to frontal lobe.
Phineas Gage
biopsychology - study into the effect of removing parts of rats brains on their ability to learn a maze. limiting evidence of localisation.
Lashley
biopsychology - evidence for plasticity in taxi drivers who had an enlarged posterior hippocampus.
Maguire et al.
biopsychology - evidence for plasticity in medical students who experienced learning induced changes from before to after their final exams
Draganski et al.
biopsychology - evidence for plasticity in people over the age of 40 who had golf training and then showed changes in their motor cortex induced by learning compared to a control.
Bezzola et al.
biopsychology - split brain researcher
Sperry
biopsychology - famous case study into circadian rhythms where he shut himself in a cave for two months deprived of natural light and had a free running sleep/wake cycle of 25 hours
Siffre
biopsychology - research into circadian rhythms in which a group of students spent four weeks in a WWII bunker. all but one had sleep/wake cycles of 24-25 hours.
Aschoff and Wever
biopsychology - research into circadian rhythms where researchers slowly sped up the clocks so ppts were on a cycle of 22 hours - all but one coped very badly with this.
Folkard et al.
biopsychology - research study into the effects of pheromones on the menstrual cycle. 70% of women experienced a shift towards their donor.
McClintock
biopsychology - research study into the stages of sleep. REM was highly correlated with the experience of dreaming - using an EEG technique.
Dement and Kleitman
biopsychology - research study into the SCN. chipmunks had the SCN removed and as a result many died as their natural sleep/wake cycle was disturbed, leading to greater predation.
DeCoursey et al.
biopsychology - research study into the role of the SCN. mutant hamsters created by transplanting SCN of hamsters with a 20 hour sleep/wake cycle into normal hamsters - who then adopted the same cycle
Ralph et al
biopsychology - study into the effect of light on the sleep/wake cycle where light was shone onto the back of ppts knees. found a deviation of 3 hours in some participants.
Campbell and Murphy
biopsychology - study that found the cells in the liver could have their cycle altered by feeding times by 12 hours without effecting the SCN (peripheral oscillators)
Damiola et al.
issues and debates - study against free will suggesting that we make decisions in the brain up to 2 seconds before we consciously decide something.
Libet et al.
relationships - cross cultural research suggesting that, universally, men are attracted to youth and women are attracted to resources
Buss
relationships - casual sex experiment where 75% of men agreed to have sex with a stranger and 0% of women agreed.
Clark and Hatfield
relationships - meta analysis of cross cultural studies that found a waist to hip ratio of 0.7 is universally preferred by men.
Singh
relationships - researcher who suggested women now have more resources of their own so are less attracted to resources in men than previously
Buss
relationships - psychologists who proposed social penetration theory
Altman and Taylor
relationships - strong correlations found between satisfaction and self disclosure
Sprecher and Hendrick
relationships - study using self report that found self disclosure was linked to higher levels of intimacy in long term relationships
Laurenceau et al.
relationships - psychologist who found that there were higher levels of sexual self disclosure in western couples than collectivist cultures but this did not impact the satisfaction of the couples.
Tang et al.
relationships - psychologist who came up with the matching hypothesis
Walster
relationships - researcher who found a correlation of 0.4 in a meta analysis of studies comparing the attractiveness of couples
Feingold
relationships - psychologist who found that physically attractive people were rated as more politically competent and informed than less attractive people
Palmer and Peterson
relationships - researcher who found that people with stereotypical views on gender rated physical attractiveness as more important than other factors.
Towhey et al.
relationship - researcher who found that across white, hispanic and asian men, neotenous features were consistently rated as more attractive
Cunningham
relationships - psychologists who proposed filter theory
Kerkhoff and Davis
relationships - psychologist who found that 50% of married couples in Ohio in the 1950’s originally lived within walking distance of one another
Clark
relationships - research into similarity where students were given fake strangers to look at and rated those with similar attitudes as more attractive than others
Tan and Singh
relationships - emotional convergence
Anderson
relationships - social exchange theory
Thibault and Kelley
relationships - longitudinal study that found that increased profit led to increased satisfaction and in relationships that ended, profits decreased first
Rusbult et al.
relationships - meta analysis that found two factors identified by SET (cl and clalt) account for 45% of variance in commitment
Le and Agnew
relationships - study that used the Hatfield scale to measure perceived rewards and costs and found that those who are over-benefitting show higher levels of guilt and lower satisfaction. those who are under-benefitting show higher levels of anger and lower satisfaction
Walster
relationships - survey of 118 married couples that found that those in equitable relationships were more content than those in non-equitable ones
Utne et al.
relationships - study that found those in collectivist cultures were happiest when over-benefitting
Aumer-Ryan et al.
relationships - study that found equity is less important than other factors in determining the fate of a relationship.
Berg and McQuinn
relationships - investment model
Rusbult
relationships - meta analysis that found the three factors identified in the investment model account for 65% of variance in commitment
Le and Agnew
relationships - study that found that women in a shelter (from abusive relationships) were more likely to return to the relationship if they had a high level of investment
Rusbult and Martz
relationships - phase model of breakdown
Duck
relationships - reduced cues theory
Sproull and Keisler
relationships - hyper personal model
Walther
relationships - absence of gating
Bargh and McKenna
relationships - study that supports anonymity for self disclosure. self disclosure was greater CMC that FTF. when a video link was introduced to CMC self disclosure returned to FTF levels
Joinson et al.
relationships - study into CMC communication that found students liked each other more when they first met in an online chatroom compared to meeting FTF.
McKenna et al.
relationships - levels of parasocial relationship
McCutcheon et al.
relationships - study of 100 students that found type c attachments were more likely to enter parasocial relationships than others
Cole and Leets
relationships - study of 300 students that found no link between attachment type and forming parasocial relationships
McCutcheon
relationships - study that found correlations between three stages and three types of personality trait (E, N, P)
Maltby et al.
forensic - researcher who found evidence for distinct organised characteristics but not disorganised in a smallest space analysis of 100 murder cases in the USA
Canter
forensic - came up with circle theory as a component of geographical profiling
Canter
forensic - researchers who conducted an analysis of 66 sexual assault cases and found correlations across the different crimes, showing how databases can serve useful in identifying trends in crimes
Canter and Heritage
forensic - researchers who performed smallest space analysis on 120 murder cases and found distinct centres of gravity, especially for marauders
Lundrigan and Canter
forensic - researcher who found that profilers were considered useful 83% of the time but only accurate 3% of the time
Copson
forensic - researcher that found that chemistry students produced a more accurate profile than a trained profiler
Kocsis
forensic - atavistic form
Lombroso
forensic - researcher that studied the faces of 3000 criminals vs 3000 controls and found no significant difference
Goring
forensic - researcher that found criminal concordance rates of 33% in MZ twins and 12% in DZ twins
Christiansen
forensic - researcher that performed an analysis of 900 offenders and identified the MAOA gene and the CDH13 gene as candidate genes
Tiihonen
forensic - researcher that found 11% reduction in grey matter in the prefrontal cortex (regulates emotional behaviour) of APD individuals
Raine
forensic - researcher who found that APD individuals could turn mirror neutrons on and off at will and therefor decide not to feel empathy
Allen et al.