researchers Flashcards
approaches - two key figures involved in the creation of psychology as a science
Wundt - introspection
Watson - behaviourism
approaches - key philosophers
Descartes - dualism
John Locke - empiricism (nothing is innate)
Darwin - evolution
approaches - behaviourists
Pavlov - classica conditioning
Skinner - operant conditioning
approaches - experiment into social learning theory
Bandura, Bobo doll experiment
approaches - psychodynamic approach, tripartite theory of personality and psychosexual stages
Freud
approaches - key freudian case study into psychosexual stages and displacement.
Little Hans
approaches - two key humanists
Maslow - hierarchy of needs
Rogers - client centred therapy
biopsychology - language centres of the brain
Brocas area - production
Wernickes area - comprehension
biopsychology - brain scanning evidence for localisation of language. Broca’s area active during reading, Wernicke’s during listening
Petersen et al.
biopsychology - Brain scanning evidence for localisation of memory. semantic on left of prefrontal cortex, episodic on right
Tulving et al.
biopsychology - neurosurgical evidence for localisation. patients who had undergone a cingulotomy to treat severe OCD improved compared to a control.
Dougherty
biopsychology - famous case study evidence for localisation showing severe personality change after injury to frontal lobe.
Phineas Gage
biopsychology - study into the effect of removing parts of rats brains on their ability to learn a maze. limiting evidence of localisation.
Lashley
biopsychology - evidence for plasticity in taxi drivers who had an enlarged posterior hippocampus.
Maguire et al.
biopsychology - evidence for plasticity in medical students who experienced learning induced changes from before to after their final exams
Draganski et al.
biopsychology - evidence for plasticity in people over the age of 40 who had golf training and then showed changes in their motor cortex induced by learning compared to a control.
Bezzola et al.
biopsychology - split brain researcher
Sperry
biopsychology - famous case study into circadian rhythms where he shut himself in a cave for two months deprived of natural light and had a free running sleep/wake cycle of 25 hours
Siffre
biopsychology - research into circadian rhythms in which a group of students spent four weeks in a WWII bunker. all but one had sleep/wake cycles of 24-25 hours.
Aschoff and Wever
biopsychology - research into circadian rhythms where researchers slowly sped up the clocks so ppts were on a cycle of 22 hours - all but one coped very badly with this.
Folkard et al.
biopsychology - research study into the effects of pheromones on the menstrual cycle. 70% of women experienced a shift towards their donor.
McClintock
biopsychology - research study into the stages of sleep. REM was highly correlated with the experience of dreaming - using an EEG technique.
Dement and Kleitman
biopsychology - research study into the SCN. chipmunks had the SCN removed and as a result many died as their natural sleep/wake cycle was disturbed, leading to greater predation.
DeCoursey et al.
biopsychology - research study into the role of the SCN. mutant hamsters created by transplanting SCN of hamsters with a 20 hour sleep/wake cycle into normal hamsters - who then adopted the same cycle
Ralph et al
biopsychology - study into the effect of light on the sleep/wake cycle where light was shone onto the back of ppts knees. found a deviation of 3 hours in some participants.
Campbell and Murphy
biopsychology - study that found the cells in the liver could have their cycle altered by feeding times by 12 hours without effecting the SCN (peripheral oscillators)
Damiola et al.
issues and debates - study against free will suggesting that we make decisions in the brain up to 2 seconds before we consciously decide something.
Libet et al.
relationships - cross cultural research suggesting that, universally, men are attracted to youth and women are attracted to resources
Buss
relationships - casual sex experiment where 75% of men agreed to have sex with a stranger and 0% of women agreed.
Clark and Hatfield
relationships - meta analysis of cross cultural studies that found a waist to hip ratio of 0.7 is universally preferred by men.
Singh
relationships - researcher who suggested women now have more resources of their own so are less attracted to resources in men than previously
Buss
relationships - psychologists who proposed social penetration theory
Altman and Taylor
relationships - strong correlations found between satisfaction and self disclosure
Sprecher and Hendrick
relationships - study using self report that found self disclosure was linked to higher levels of intimacy in long term relationships
Laurenceau et al.
relationships - psychologist who found that there were higher levels of sexual self disclosure in western couples than collectivist cultures but this did not impact the satisfaction of the couples.
Tang et al.
relationships - psychologist who came up with the matching hypothesis
Walster
relationships - researcher who found a correlation of 0.4 in a meta analysis of studies comparing the attractiveness of couples
Feingold
relationships - psychologist who found that physically attractive people were rated as more politically competent and informed than less attractive people
Palmer and Peterson
relationships - researcher who found that people with stereotypical views on gender rated physical attractiveness as more important than other factors.
Towhey et al.
relationship - researcher who found that across white, hispanic and asian men, neotenous features were consistently rated as more attractive
Cunningham
relationships - psychologists who proposed filter theory
Kerkhoff and Davis
relationships - psychologist who found that 50% of married couples in Ohio in the 1950’s originally lived within walking distance of one another
Clark
relationships - research into similarity where students were given fake strangers to look at and rated those with similar attitudes as more attractive than others
Tan and Singh
relationships - emotional convergence
Anderson
relationships - social exchange theory
Thibault and Kelley
relationships - longitudinal study that found that increased profit led to increased satisfaction and in relationships that ended, profits decreased first
Rusbult et al.
relationships - meta analysis that found two factors identified by SET (cl and clalt) account for 45% of variance in commitment
Le and Agnew
relationships - study that used the Hatfield scale to measure perceived rewards and costs and found that those who are over-benefitting show higher levels of guilt and lower satisfaction. those who are under-benefitting show higher levels of anger and lower satisfaction
Walster
relationships - survey of 118 married couples that found that those in equitable relationships were more content than those in non-equitable ones
Utne et al.
relationships - study that found those in collectivist cultures were happiest when over-benefitting
Aumer-Ryan et al.
relationships - study that found equity is less important than other factors in determining the fate of a relationship.
Berg and McQuinn
relationships - investment model
Rusbult
relationships - meta analysis that found the three factors identified in the investment model account for 65% of variance in commitment
Le and Agnew
relationships - study that found that women in a shelter (from abusive relationships) were more likely to return to the relationship if they had a high level of investment
Rusbult and Martz
relationships - phase model of breakdown
Duck
relationships - reduced cues theory
Sproull and Keisler
relationships - hyper personal model
Walther
relationships - absence of gating
Bargh and McKenna
relationships - study that supports anonymity for self disclosure. self disclosure was greater CMC that FTF. when a video link was introduced to CMC self disclosure returned to FTF levels
Joinson et al.
relationships - study into CMC communication that found students liked each other more when they first met in an online chatroom compared to meeting FTF.
McKenna et al.
relationships - levels of parasocial relationship
McCutcheon et al.
relationships - study of 100 students that found type c attachments were more likely to enter parasocial relationships than others
Cole and Leets
relationships - study of 300 students that found no link between attachment type and forming parasocial relationships
McCutcheon
relationships - study that found correlations between three stages and three types of personality trait (E, N, P)
Maltby et al.
forensic - researcher who found evidence for distinct organised characteristics but not disorganised in a smallest space analysis of 100 murder cases in the USA
Canter
forensic - came up with circle theory as a component of geographical profiling
Canter
forensic - researchers who conducted an analysis of 66 sexual assault cases and found correlations across the different crimes, showing how databases can serve useful in identifying trends in crimes
Canter and Heritage
forensic - researchers who performed smallest space analysis on 120 murder cases and found distinct centres of gravity, especially for marauders
Lundrigan and Canter
forensic - researcher who found that profilers were considered useful 83% of the time but only accurate 3% of the time
Copson
forensic - researcher that found that chemistry students produced a more accurate profile than a trained profiler
Kocsis
forensic - atavistic form
Lombroso
forensic - researcher that studied the faces of 3000 criminals vs 3000 controls and found no significant difference
Goring
forensic - researcher that found criminal concordance rates of 33% in MZ twins and 12% in DZ twins
Christiansen
forensic - researcher that performed an analysis of 900 offenders and identified the MAOA gene and the CDH13 gene as candidate genes
Tiihonen
forensic - researcher that found 11% reduction in grey matter in the prefrontal cortex (regulates emotional behaviour) of APD individuals
Raine
forensic - researcher who found that APD individuals could turn mirror neutrons on and off at will and therefor decide not to feel empathy
Allen et al.
forensic - researcher who performed an adoption study and found that
no criminal set of parents = 13.5%
1 criminal parent = 20.5%
both parent sets criminal = 24.5%
Mednick et al.
forensic - theory of how personality is linked to crime.
Eyesenck
forensic - researchers who compared 2000 criminals to 2000 controls and found that prisoners had higher extraversion scores than controls.
Eyesenck and Eyesenck
forensic - researcher who found no significant difference between the E and N scores of criminals and non criminals but did find much higher P levels in criminals
Farrington
forensic - researcher who found that Hispanic and African American offenders were significantly less extravert than a control
Bartol and Holanchock
forensic - theory of moral reasoning leading to crime
Kohlberg
forensic - researcher who compared 200 criminals to a control and found that on a moral reasoning questionnaire, criminals were operating at a lower level of moral reasoning than non-criminals
Palmer and hollin
forensic - psychologist who proposed that intelligence was a better predictor of criminality than moral reasoning
langdon et al.
forensic - differential association theory
Sutherland
forensic - inadequate superego theory
Blackburn
forensic - maternal deprivation theory and 44 thieves study
Bowlby
forensic - researcher that studied 500 young people and found that maternal deprivation was a poor indicator of criminality
Lewis
forensic - psychologist that claims suicide rates in prisons are 15 times higher than the normal population and that 25% of women and 15% of men show signs of psychological disturbance when in custody
Bartol
forensic - researchers that implemented a ton economy system in a young offenders institute and found significant improvements in desirable behaviour compared to a control
Hobbs and Holt
forensic - researchers who found that token economy reduced recidivism in two years but after 2 years rates returned to normal levels
Cohen and Filipczak
forensic - researcher who found positive outcomes for young offenders on the national anger management package
Keen et al.
forensic - researcher who compared offenders on anger management to a control on three measures of progress. 92% of the experimental group showed improvement in two measures
Ireland
forensic - researcher who claims that for every £1 invested into restorative justice, £8 would be saved.
Shapland
Sz - researcher who found low diagnostic congruence and low inter rater reliability in the diagnosis of Sz: 1) 44 by ICD, 26 with DSM vs. 2) 24 with ICD and 13 with DSM
Cheniaux
Sz - psychologist who found 108 separate candidate genes that increased vulnerability to Sz
Ripke
Sz - psychologist who conducted a family study into Sz concordance rates and found 48% with MZ twins and 17% with DZ twins.
Gottesman
Sz - researcher that found reduced activity in the ventral striatum of patients suffering from abolition.
Juckel et al.
Sz - researcher that found lower activation levels in the superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus of patients suffering from auditory hallucinations
Allen et al.
Sz - researcher that found amphetamines lower dopamine levels and induce Sz-like symptoms
Curran et al.
Sz - researcher that found Sz patients take twice as Long on the stroop test compared to a control group
Stirling et al.
Sz - researcher that performed a meta analysis and found that chlorpromazine was associated with better overall functioning and reduced symptom severity compared to a placebo
Thornley et al.
Sz - researcher that clozapine to be effective in 30-50% of cases where chlorpromazine was not
Meltzer
Sz - researchers who found that CBT had a significant but relatively small effect on both positive and negative symptoms of Sz
Jauhar et al.
Sz - researcher who found in a meta analysis that family therapy improves relapse rate, compliance with medication and overall functioning
Pharoah et al.
Sz - meta analysis of studies (only three valid ones could be found) that showed very mild improvements in symptoms
McGonagle and Sultana
Sz - original diathesis-stress model
Meehl
Sz - researcher that performed a study into 19000 adoptees. found that children at a high genetic risk in high EE families were most likely to develop the condition
Tienari et al.
Sz - researcher that found early cannabis use to be a trigger and early sexual trauma to be a vulnerability
Houston
Sz - researcher who randomly allocated participants to a control group, a CBT + medication group or a medication + counselling group. those in the experimental groups improved more significantly than the control (just medication)
Tarrier et al.
SI - researcher who found that conformity in maths questions increased with difficulty and those who rated their ability as poor conformed more often
Lucas et al.
SI - two process theory
Deutsch and Gerard
SI - researchers who found that some people, known as nAffiliators, had a higher need for social interaction than others so will conform more often
McGhee and Teevan
SI - famous research into conformity into line length
Asch
SI - researchers who performed an experiment into UK engineering students and found conformity on just 1/396 trials
Perrin and Spencer
SI - famous research into conformity to social roles
Zimbardo
SI - researchers who recreated Zimbardos experiment for the BBC and found very different results
Reicher and Haslam
SI - famous research into obedience
Milgram
SI - researchers who convinced participants they were giving real shocks to a puppy and 100% of women continued and 57% of men
Sheridan and king
SI - nursing study where 21/22 nurses obeyed an order from an unknown doctor to give a deadly drug to a patient
Hofling
SI - nursing study where 2/18 nurses obeyed an order from a doctor to give a deadly drug to a patient
Tulving
SI - French game show replication of Milgram where 80% of participants gave the maximum shock
La Jeu De La Mort
SI - researcher where confederates dressed as a milkman, security guard of business man. people were more likely to obey the security guard
Bickman
SI - replication of Milgram that found obedience rates of 80% in Spanish students
Miranda et al.
SI - researchers who showed a video of milligram to participants and asked them who was to blame for the harm to the learner. all the students identified the researcher not the teacher
Blass and Schmitt
SI - replication of Milgram that found obedience rates of just 16% in Australia
Kilham and Mann
SI - the F-scale and authoritarian personality
Adorno
SI - Asch replication where conformity decreased in the presence of a dissenting participant despite the presence of glasses and struggling to see etc,
Allen and Levine
SI - Milgram replication that put participants in groups and found that 29/33 of the groups rebelled
Gamson
SI - looked at Milgrams participants and found that 37% of internals were not fully obedient compared to 23% of externals
Holland
SI - proposed Locus of Control
Rotter
SI - study that found over the course of 40 years, people are becoming more external but also more resistant to social influence
Twenge et al.
SI - study into green and blue slides that investigated minority influence. when a minority was consistent conformity was 8.42%, when minority was inconsistent, this decreased to 1.25%
Moscovici et al.
SI - study to show that minority influence causes deeper processing. people were less likely to change their viewpoint when a majority attempted to convince them compared to a minority.
Martin et al.
SI - study into social change where NSI was used to encourage people in the local area of San Diego to recycle more. when the message contained the fact that others were already recycling, recycling increased.
Nolan et al.
memory - researcher that found STM coded acoustically and LTM coded semantically using lists of words
Baddeley
memory - researcher that found a digit span of 9.3 and a letter span of 7.3
Jacobs
memory - researcher who first proposed chunking
Miller
memory - researchers that found the duration of the STM is 18-30 seconds using trigrams
Peterson and Peterson
memory - researcher that found the duration of the LTM to be up to a lifetime using yearbook photos. after 15 years recall was 60% accurate and recognition 90% accurate. after 50 years recall was 30% and recognition was 70%.
Bahrick et al.
memory - researchers and their patient (case study) that found multiple types of STM must be present as the mans auditory recall was poor but his visual recall was okay.
Shallice and Warrington - KF.
memory - psychologists that used brain scans to show that semantic memory is stored in the right prefrontal cortex and episodic in the left
Tulving
memory - famous case studies into the types of long term memory. both only experienced damage to episodic memories not procedural
Clive Wearing and HM.
memory - psychologist that demonstrated that through specialist training, episodic memories in cognitively impaired older people could be improved
Belleville et al.
memory - researcher that showed people have greater difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and tracing an F) than one visual task and one auditory task
Baddeley
memory - word length effect (harder to remember list of long words than a list of short words)
Baddeley
memory - study into interference where two lists were learnt. the more similar the second list was to the first list the worse the recall of the first was.
McGeoch and McDonald
memory - researchers that used rugby players to show that it was not the length of time between matches but the matches played in between that caused misremembering and error
Baddeley and Hitch
memory - research into context dependent forgetting where participants had to learn a list of words on land or underwater then recall them on land or underwater. recall was best in matching conditions
Godden and Baddeley
memory - research into state dependent forgetting where participants were asked to learn a list of words on anti-histamines or off them, then recall them on or off etc. recall was best in matching conditions
Carter and Cassaday
memory - research into leading questions where participants watched a video of a car crash and where then asked how fast the car was going when it contacted, hit, smashed etc. into the other car. mean speed given for contacted was 32mph, for smashed it was 40mph
Loftus and Palmer
memory - research into post event discussion where participants watched clips from two different angles and were then allowed to discuss what they had seen. 71% of participants gave details which they did not see themselves
Gabbert et al.
memory - research showing that anxiety has a negative effect on recall where participants heard a fight and then either witnessed a man walk out with a pen, or a knife. recognition was better with the pen - 50% and worse with the knife - 33%
Johnson and Scott
memory - research showing that anxiety has a positive effect on recall. included real people from a robbery case where a robber was shot dead. those who reported higher levels of anxiety had better recall than those who reported lower levels of anxiety.
Yuille and Cutshall
memory - researcher who claimed that weapon focus was more about shock-factor and found worse recall and recognition when a rubber chicken was produced in a video.
Pickel et al.
memory - developed the enhanced cognitive interview
Fisher et al.
memory - researchers that found that each individual element of the CI produced more detail than the standard police interview but the most effective combination was report everything and reinstate the context
Milne and Bull
memory - meta analysis of 50 studies that showed the enhanced cognitive interview was consistently more successful than standard police interviews
found an 81% increase in correct information and a 61% increase in incorrect information
Kohnken
attachment - research into how the role of the father as at attachment figure affects later attachment quality. found that fathers role in play is more important in determining quality of attachment in adolescents
Grossman
attachment - research into the role of the father that found primary caregiver fathers spend more time doing stereotypically maternal things such as baby talk and cuddles
Field
attachment - key study into the stages of attachment using babies in Glasgow. by 32 weeks 50% had specific attachment and by 40 weeks 30% had multiple attachments
Schaffer and Emerson
attachment - psychologist who performed research into the imprinting of geese. came up with a critical period of a few hours and the theory of sexual imprinting
Lorenz
attachment - controversial research into maternal deprivation in monkeys that showed contact comfort was more important than feeding and that maternal deprivation has negative effects on the infants when they become adults.
Harlow
attachment - researcher who showed that sexual imprinting could be unlearnt using chickens and yellow washing up gloves
Guiton et al.
attachment - monotropic theory
Bowlby
attachment - research that showed the importance of social releasers as babies reacted strongly when caregivers were told to purposefully ignore signals
Brazelton et al.
attachment - research that studied 99 mothers and found that those with poor (or insecure) attachments with their own mothers were likely to show the same quality of attachment with their offspring
Bailey et al.
attachment - strange situation
Ainsworth
attachment - psychologist that found inter-rater reliability of the strange situation was high and observers agreed on 94% of cases.
Bick et al.
attachment - psychologist that found that the strange situation could not apply in Japan due to differing parenting styles
Takahashi.
attachment - psychologist that performed a cross-cultural meta analysis of the strange situation across 8 countries. found that variation between cultures was much lower than within cultures. types varied but secure was always most common. insecure avoidant most common in Germany and insecure resistant was most common in Japan
Van IJzendoorn and Kroonberg
attachment - Italian study into attachment type where only 50% of infants were classified as secure (claimed to e because of working mothers)
Simonella et al.
attachment - Korean study into attachment type that found similar proportions to those in Japan (suggested to be because of similar parenting styles)
Jin et al.
attachment - theory of maternal deprivation and 44 thieves study
Bowlby
attachment - psychologist that replicated Bowlbys 44 thieves with 500 young people and found no link to criminality
Lewis
attachment - English and Romanian Adoptee study that found lower IQ for those who had been institutionalised. these differences could be overcome if the child was adopted before 6 months but were worse if adopted after 2 years.
Rutter
attachment - Bucharest Early Intervention project where just 19% of the randomly allocated adoptee group were securely attached compared to 65% of the control. 44% showed disinhibited attachment
Zeanah et al.
attachment - psychologist that found that insecure resistant children were most likely to be bullies and insecure avoidant were most likely to be the victims of bullying
Myron-Wilson and Smith
attachment - analysis of 600 responses to a ‘love quiz’ where secure individuals were most likely to form good and longer lasting relationships, avoidant were likely to be jealous and have a fear of intimacy.
Hazan and Shaver
attachment - psychologist who found very little relationship between type of attachment and adolescent attachment to parents
Zimmerman et al.
psychopathology - psychologist who provided a list of criteria for ideal mental health
Jahoda
psychopathology - psychologist who proposed the two-process model for acquisition and maintenance of phobia
Mowrer
psychopathology - case study that supports the idea of classical conditioning in phobia acquisition. fear of a white rat developed when paired with a loud noise
Little Albert
psychopathology - study of 42 patients who had undergone systematic desensitisation for a fear of spiders. after 33 months the SD group were less fearful than the control group
Gilroy et al.
psychopathology - two psychologists that propose cognitive explanations of depression
Beck and Ellis
psychopathology - longitudinal experiment that showed that pregnant women with cognitive vulnerability were more likely to develop post natal depression than those without a cognitive vulnerability
Grazioli and Terry
psychopathology - research that found an 81% improvement for CBT, an 81% improvement for antidepressants and an 86% improvement in the CBT + antidepressants.
March et al.
psychopathology - researcher that found that 37% of OCD sufferers had a parent with OCD and 21% had siblings with OCD.
Lewis et al.
psychopathology - researcher that performed a meta analysis and found that there was a concordance rate of 68% for MZ twins and 31% for DZ twins
Nestadt et al.
psychopathology - researcher that found 230 possible genes involved with OCD.
Taylor
psychopathology - researcher that performed a meta analysis and found that SSRI’s were consistently more effective than a placebo
Soomro et al.
