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sociology paper 2 > research methods (section A) > Flashcards

research methods (section A) Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

structure of a 4 marker

A
  • A02
  • 1 clear paragraph
  • must use the source
  • must draw 2 findings /patterns conclusions from the source
  • back up both of these with evidence from the source
  • 5-7 minutes.
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2
Q

patterns

positivism

A
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3
Q

trends

positivism

A
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4
Q

objectivity

positivitism

A
  • a researcher must not allow their, their bias to interfere and impact their research
  • positivists support this
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5
Q

value freedom

positivism

A
  • ability or researchers to keep their own personal biases and opinions out of the research they are conducting.
  • positivists support this
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6
Q

quantitative data

positivism

A
  • produces a numerical data that can be easily displayed in a table/graph
  • can reveal patterns/trends but not the reasons behind them
  • more objective
  • avoids bias
  • quicker to analyse
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7
Q

meanings and experiences

interpretivism

A
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8
Q

verstehen and empathy

interpretivism

A
  • ‘to understand in a deep way’- researcher aims to understand another persons experience
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9
Q

rapport

interpretivism

A
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10
Q

subjectivity

interpretivism

A

the claim that perception emerges from a subjects point of view

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11
Q

researcher imposition

interpretivism

A
  • researcher makes a decision which may alter the research.
  • imposing their own views and framework on those being interviewed
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12
Q

reflexivity

interpretivism

A

examination of ones own beliefs, judgements and practices during the researchers process and how they influence the research.

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13
Q

qualitative data

interpretivism

A
  • this produces textual information
  • includes great detail and can explore motivations and emotions
  • provides a deeper understanding of group being studied
  • build a repare with respondants so more likely to be given more truthful answers
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14
Q

validity

key research concepept

A

research giving a true and accurate picture of what is being studied

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15
Q

reliability

key research concept

A

the extent to which if the method was repeated, would it still produce the same or similar results.
results should be easy to replicate with different groups of people

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16
Q

representativeness

keyy research concepts

A

the extent to which the sample selected is a fair reflection of target population.

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17
Q

generalisability

key research concept

A

the ability to make claims about the wider target population from research finding.

it is generealisable of all people who hold the characteristic of the group being researched.

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18
Q

questionaires

research method

A
  • list of questions subject to self-completion.
  • can be open or closed
  • quantitative
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19
Q

structured interview

research method

A
  • the researcher reads a list of closed questions and ticks boxes of pre coded responses
  • qualitative
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20
Q

statistical data (official & non-official)

research method

A
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21
Q

content analysis

research method

A

counting number of times a sign, symbol, word, picture ect.. is used within a media text

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22
Q

unstructured interview

research method

A
  • researcher may have some themes to cover but no predeterminedquestions or rigid themes
  • interviews take a conversational flow
  • qualitative
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23
Q

semi structured interview

research method

A
  • the researcher has some set/pre coded questions however they are able to probe respondants and ask extra questions if needed
  • both qualitative and quantitative
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24
Q

ethnography

research method

A
  • involves the researcher immersing themselves into the natural setting of the social group being studied, and participating in and observing their daily activities
  • qualitative data
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25
Q

triangulation

methods of improving research

A
  • use of more than one method to cross check validity of data collected
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26
Q

methodological pluralism

mixed method

A
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27
Q

factors influencing the choice of research topic

key concepts in research process

A
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28
Q

aims/hypothesis/research question

key concepts in research process

A
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29
Q

primary data

key concepts in research process

A
  • data that the sociologist has collected themself
  • unique to what the research is on
  • reliable and trustworthy
  • up to date
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30
Q

secondary data

key concepts in research process

A
  • data that has already been collected and available to sociologists
  • easy to access
  • could be bias/ out of data
31
Q

operationalisation

key concepts in research process

A
32
Q

pilot studies

key concepts in research process

A
33
Q

data collection

key concepts in research process

A
34
Q

respondant validation

key concepts in research process

A
35
Q

logitudional studies

researcher methods

A
  • research designed to collect data on a sample (people or documents)
  • aim to generate trends and patterns
  • (quantitative OR qualitative)
36
Q

interpretation of data

key concepts in research process

A
37
Q

the relationship between sociology and social policy

key concepts in research process

A
38
Q

random

sampling process

A

every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample

39
Q

systematic

sampling process

A

every ‘nth’ mamber of the target population is selected for the sample

40
Q

stratified

sampling process

A

different subgroups in the target population are identified; then are randomly selected from these subgroups in the proportion to their numbers in the target population.

41
Q

snowball

sampling process

A

one contact will recruit other participants to get involved in the research. method often used by sociologists for hard to reach groups

42
Q

volenteer

sampling process

A
  • when a sample is gathered via participants puttin themself forward to be studied
  • participants found via advertisement e.g. shp windeows
43
Q

opportunity

sampling process

A

choosing individuals or cases that fit the nature of the research

44
Q

purposive

sampling process

A

where participants are gained by making the most of situations or opportunities in which the the research population is likely to be found.

45
Q

ethics

A

practices that are morally right & wrong when conducting research such as confidentiality, anonymity ect…

46
Q

gatekeeper

A

a point of contact who can put you in contact with the participants you wish to research.

47
Q

research/target population

A

the group that the sociologist has decided to study

48
Q

random sample

A

where all people in the target population have an equal chance of being picked- chosen intirely by chance

49
Q

non-random sample

A

where people in target population do not have an equal chance of being picked

50
Q

a sample frame

A

a list of people/respondants who share the characteristics required to be part of the target population- ensures that the sample selected is of the untmost relevance

51
Q

quota

sampling methods

A

the researcher has a clear idea of the sample they want, they will pick participants that match the criteria

52
Q

positivism

A
  • study of society as more important than the study of individuals.
  • see human and social behaviour is product of social forces- people have little to no influence over.
  • believe that sociological research should be scientific (objective & reliable)
  • focus on collecting quantitative data
53
Q

interpretivism

A
  • approach that is anti-positivist and points out that humans have free will
  • produce qualitative data
  • sees society as product of people choosing to come together in social groups- e.g. family, religion, peer group ect…
  • collected in ethnographs or natural settings- high in validity
54
Q

hawthorne effect

participant issues

A

participants will behave differently if they know they are being observed

55
Q

focus groups

researcher method

A
  • an unstructured interview directed to a group of respondents who are encouraged to discuss with eachother
  • interviewer will set up themes and questions to manage response from participants.
56
Q

impact of the hawthorne effect on participants

participant issues

A
  • results will be lower in validity (what im observing isnt true behaviour)
  • cant generalise to rest of target population.
57
Q

demand characteristics

participant issues

A

participants change their behaviour based on their interpretation of the aims of the study (possibly to please the researcher)

58
Q

impact of demand characteristics on research

participant issue

A
  • impact on reliability of research (if research is repeated- want to get similar results)
  • reduce reliability- not a true insight into truth (might fear judgement)
59
Q

social desirability bias

participant issue

A

occurs when parts of the study relate to social norms or expectations- participants want to present themself in a socially acceptable way

60
Q

impact of social desirability bias on research

participant issue

A
  • impact on reliability of research (if research is repeated- want to get similar results)
  • reduce reliability- not a true insight into truth (might fear judgement)
61
Q

going native

researcher issue

A

when researcher begins to participate like any other group member. (most likely to happen in an ethnography)

62
Q

what is the impact of going native on research

A
  • bias to participant
  • weaken the validity
63
Q

researcher bias

researcher issues

A

when the researchers beliefs or expectations influence the research design or data collection process.

64
Q

confirmation bias

researcher issues

A

tendency to search for/interpret information in a way that confirms ones prior beliefs

65
Q

interpretation bias

researcher issues

A

an information processing bias where a research may interpret the data in a way that the participant did not intend

66
Q

rapport

researcher issues

A

ease of the relationship between people- in this case a researcher and their subjects.

67
Q

name the core ethical guidelines to use in essays

A
  • confidentiality
  • privacy
  • anonymity
  • right to withdraw
  • avoiding harm to participants
  • protecting vunerable groups
  • informed consent
  • ensuring legality
  • safeguarding
68
Q

overt non-participant observations

researcher methods

A
  • the participants know the are being studied but researcher is NOT involved with group
  • qualitative data
69
Q

covert non-participant observations

researcher methods

A
  • researcher is NOT fully participating with group
  • participants unaware they are being studied
  • qualitative data
70
Q

overt participant observation

researcher methods

A
  • participants know they are being studied and researcher is FULLY involved with the group being researched
71
Q

covert participant observations

researcher methods

A

researcher is participating with the group and the participants are unaware they are being study

72
Q

official statistics

researcher methods

A
  • quantitative data collected by the government
  • gathered by research methods such as questionairs e.g. the census.
  • quantitative data
73
Q

non-official statistics

researcher methods

A
  • quantitative data collected by a non-government source
  • gathered through other research methods e.g. questionaires
74
Q

secondary data

researcher methods

A
  • this is data that has been carried outby someone else/can be an institution
  • can be quantitiative OR qualitative

sociology paper 2 (5 decks)

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