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research methods and data analysis > research methods, questions and integrity > Flashcards

research methods, questions and integrity Flashcards

1
Q

what is qualitative data?

A
  • describes experiences, perceptions motivations and intentions in words
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2
Q

what is quantitative data?

A
  • numerical data, measured in numbers
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3
Q

what is the starting point of qualitative data?

A
  • situations
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4
Q

what is the starting point og quantitative data?

A
  • data and/ or hypothesis
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5
Q

are qualitative and quantitative data similar at all?

A
  • yes, a lot of overlap
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6
Q

what questions do qualitative data answer?

A
  • how?
  • why?
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7
Q

what questions do quantitative data answer?

A
  • how much?
  • when?
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8
Q

what does qualitative data provide compared to quantitative?

A
  • qualitative data provides context whereas quantitative provides details
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9
Q

what is the goal of qualitative data?

A
  • participants provide reliable observations
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10
Q

what is the goal of quantitative data?

A
  • methods are repeatable
  • findings quantifiable
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11
Q

what are examples of qualitative methods?

A
  • semi- structured interviews
  • focus group
  • participant observation
  • text/ document analysis
  • narrative reviews
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12
Q

what are some quantitative methods?

A
  • surveys
  • questionnaires
  • biomarkers/ imaging
  • randomised controlled trials
  • lab experiments
  • systematic reviews and meta- analysis
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13
Q

what are the advantages of qualitative data ?

A

+ provides understanding
+ explore different areas
+ hear and understand participants’ voices #
+ produces narrative, stories

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14
Q

what are the limitations of qualitative data?

A
  • small samples
  • time intensive
  • less rigour
  • researcher training
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15
Q

what are the advantages of quantitative data?

A
  • limited variables
  • representative samples
  • anonymised
  • precise; statistical comparison
  • test theories: policy relevance
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16
Q

what are the limitations of quantitative data?

A
  • little understanding of individual experience
  • less contextual understanding
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17
Q

do you ever use both methods at the same time?

A
  • yes
  • combine the best parts of btoh approaches
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18
Q

what is induction?

A
  • using the data to generate new hypothesis or theories
  • generalisations based on specific observations
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19
Q

what approach is induction?

A
  • bottom up approach
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20
Q

what is deduction?

A
  • making predictions and hypotheses from a theory
  • tests theory through observations and empirical evidence
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21
Q

what approach is deduction?

A
  • top- down approach
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22
Q

does qualitative or quantitative use induction or deduction?

A
  • both methods can use both
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23
Q

what does a good research question identify?

A
  • research area, domain or scope
  • relevant variables or contexts
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24
Q

what does a good research question do with the research area and relevant variables?

A
  • asks a specific question about them
25
Q

what principle does a good research question follow?

A
  • SMART
26
Q

what does SMART stand for?

A
  • specific
  • measurable
  • achievable
  • realistic
  • time bound
27
Q

what is a bad research question?

A
  • non- specific
  • immeasurable
  • unachievable
  • unrealistic
  • infinite
28
Q

what is PICOT?

A
  • problem
  • intervention
  • comparison
  • outcome
  • time
29
Q

what does the P in picot mean?

A
  • problem
  • what is the problem? which population? patients?
30
Q

what does the I in picot mean?

A
  • intervention
  • what is the treatment, test or process
  • main action
31
Q

what does the c in picot mean?

A
  • comparison
  • what are the best alternatives or control conditions
32
Q

what does the o in picot mean?

A
  • outcomes
  • what do I expect to happen
  • what do I want to avoid
33
Q
A
34
Q

what does spice stand for?

A
  • setting
  • perspective
  • intervention
  • comparison
  • evaluation
35
Q

what is meant by the s in spice?

A
  • setting
  • where is the study taking place e.g., in a school
36
Q

what is meant by p in spice?

A
  • perspective
  • whose perspective
    e.g., parents ?
37
Q

what does i stand for in spice?

A
  • intervention
  • is there a group exercise or similar
38
Q

what does c stand for in spice?

A
  • comparison
  • will we compare to another setting or perspective
39
Q

what does e stand for in spice?

A
  • evaluation
  • how will we evaluate the information gained
40
Q

what does ppt stand for?

A
  • problem
  • phenomenon
  • time
41
Q

what does the first p in ppt mean?

A
  • problem
  • who or what are we studying
    e.g., first- time mothers
42
Q

what does the second p in ppt stand for?

A
  • phenomenon
  • what is particularly of interest
    e.g., attitude to exercise
43
Q

what does t in ppt stand for?

A
  • time
  • when is of interest
44
Q

what should you think about when forming a research question?

A
  • think about novelty, importance and impact
45
Q

what should you do to the question after thinking?

A
  • refine the question
46
Q

what questions can indicate if the research question is good?

A
  • must it be new?
  • must it be important?
  • must it be impactful?
  • what is worth your time and resources?
  • is it feasable
47
Q

what does research integrity question?

A
  • do others trust my research?
  • could others reproduce my research?
48
Q

what needs to be meet and responded to for research integrity?

A
  • professional standards
  • response to criticism
49
Q

what are the five principles of research integrity?

A
  • honesty
  • rigour
  • transparency
  • independence
  • responsibility
50
Q

what is honesty?

A
  • being accurate
  • being open
  • refraining from fabricated or untrue claims
51
Q

what is rigour?

A
  • using scientific methods
  • exercising the best possible care in designing, undertaking, and reporting research
52
Q

what is transparency?

A
  • be clear on how the research was based on
  • data were obtained
  • results were achieved
53
Q

what is independence?

A
  • not allowing the research to be guided by non- scientific considerations
  • impartiality
54
Q

what is responsibility?

A
  • a researcher does not operate in isolation
  • conducting research scientifically and/ or societally relevant
55
Q

what are the four Mertonian norms?

A
  • communism
  • universalism
  • disinterestedness
  • organised skepticism
56
Q

what is communism?

A
  • common ownership of research knowledge
57
Q

what is universalism?

A
  • research does not depend on particular people, places or time
58
Q

what is disinterestedness?

A
  • work for benefits of science, not for personal gain
59
Q

what is organised skepticism?

A
  • temporarily detach yourself, suspend judgement

research methods and data analysis (12 decks)

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