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research methods and data analysis > qualitative research design and data collection > Flashcards

qualitative research design and data collection Flashcards

1
Q

what should be asked about the approach?

A
  • is the approach flexible
  • is it able to change
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2
Q

what should be done correctly by qualitative researchers?

A
  • coding
  • have I coded my data correctly?
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3
Q

what question matters to a qualitative researcher regarding the situation?

A
  • have i managed to capture the situation in a realistic manner?
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4
Q

what is described by qualitative researchers?

A
  • context
  • have I described the context in sufficient detail?
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5
Q

what question matters to a qualitative researcher regarding participants?

A
  • have i managed to see the world through the eyes of my participants
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6
Q

what reasoning does quantitative research involve?

A
  • deductive reasoning
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7
Q

what does quantitative research start with and what does it do?

A
  • starts with a theory
  • tests via specific examples to prove or disprove the theory
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8
Q

what type of reasoning does qualitative research use?

A
  • inductive reasoning
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9
Q

what does qualitative research start with? what does it form?

A
  • starts with specific examples
  • analyses to generate theory
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10
Q

how is quality in qualitative research determined?

A
  • validity
  • reliability
  • trustworthiness
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11
Q

what are the four dimensions of trustworthiness?

A
  • dependability
  • confirmability
  • credibility
  • transferability
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12
Q

what is dependability? what does it check for?

A
  • reliability
  • shows findings are consistent and could be repeated
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13
Q

what is an example of dependability?

A
  • triangulation of transcripts and themes
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14
Q

what is confirmability? what does it check for?

A
  • objectivity
  • degree of neutrality/ extent to which the findings of a study are shaped by the respondents and not researcher bias, motivation or interest
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15
Q

what is an example of confirmability?

A
  • link with raw data themes
  • list of emerged themes
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16
Q

what is credibility? what does it check for?

A
  • internal validity
  • confidence in the truth of findings
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17
Q

what are examples of credibility?

A
  • pilot study
  • member checking
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18
Q

what is transferability? what does it check for?

A
  • external validity
  • shows that the findings have applicability in other contexts
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19
Q

what are examples of transferability?

A
  • demographic characteristics
  • specific settings
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20
Q

what are some examples of methodology?

A
  • experimental research
  • survey research
  • ethnography
  • phenomenological research
  • grounded theory
  • heuristic inquiry
  • action research
  • discourse analysis
  • feminist standpoint research
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21
Q

what are some method examples?

A
  • questionnaire
  • observation
  • case study
  • visual ethnographic methods
  • data reduction
  • cognitive mapping
  • interpretative methods
  • content analysis
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22
Q

what are the three research designs?

A
  • phenomenology
  • grounded theory
  • ethnography
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23
Q

what is phenomenology?

A
  • describes one or more individuals’ experiences of a phenomenon
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24
Q

what is the disciplinary origin of phenomenology?

A
  • philosophy
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25
Q

what is the primary data collection method of phenomenology?

A
  • in- depth interviews
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26
Q

what is the data analysis of phenomenology?

A
  • list significant statements
  • determine meaning of statements
  • identify essence of phenomenon
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27
Q

what does phenomenology report?

A
  • rich description of the essential characteristics of experience
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28
Q

what is ethnography?

A
  • describe cultural characteristics of a group of people
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29
Q

what is the disciplinary origin of ethnography?

A
  • anthropology
30
Q

what is the primary data collection method of ethnography?

A
  • participant observation over an extended period of time
  • interview with informants
31
Q

how do you analyse data in ethnography?

A
  • holistic description and searches for cultural themes in data
32
Q

what does ethnography report?

A
  • rich description of context and cultural themes
33
Q

what is grounded theory?

A
  • inductively generate a grounded theory describing and explaining a phenomenon
34
Q

what is the disciplinary origin of grounded theory?

A
  • sociology
35
Q

what is the primary data collection method in grounded theory?

A
  • interview
  • observations frequently used
36
Q

how do you analyse data in grounded theory?

A
  • begin with open coding, then axial coding and end with selective coding
37
Q

what do you report from grounded theory?

A
  • description of topic and people studied
  • presentation of the theory
38
Q

what is important to consider when choosing the right design? (4)

A
  • research focus
  • what would you like to investigate
  • what research design will you follow and why
  • what research methods you would choose and why?
39
Q

what would you ask when finding out what is being investigated?

A
  • what is your research question
  • who is your target population?
40
Q

what is an interview?

A
  • two- person conversation initiated by the interviewer for the specific purpose of obtaining research- relevant information
41
Q

what do interviews focus on?

A
  • content specified by the research objectives of systematic description, prediction or explanation
42
Q

what are the different types of interview? (5)

A
  • individual- group
  • structured- semi- structured- unstructured
  • open questions- closed questions
  • styles- biographical, clinical, ethnographical
  • method- face- to -face, telephone, computer assisted
43
Q

what are the strengths of an interview? (5)

A

+ extensive personalisation/ interaction
+ extensive opportunities to ask questions
+ possible to probe
+ good rate of return
+ flexible

44
Q

what are the limitations of interviews? (5)

A
  • labour intensive & costly
  • not extensive
  • subjectivities in interpretation and analysis
  • limited reliability
  • memory decay
45
Q

what are the four important questions when designing an interview?

A
  • why are you asking people questions?
  • why are you asking these people?
  • what do you want to ask? (identify key Qs)
  • how do you plan to ask them? (open, closed, scales)
46
Q

what questions should you avoid in interviews?

A
  • double questions
  • long complex questions
  • questions involving jargon/ technical terms
  • ambiguous questions
47
Q

what specific questions would you not ask? give examples (2)

A
  • leading/ biases questions e.g., don’t you like tennis?
  • invasion of privacy e.g., how much do you earn?
48
Q

what characteristics does a good interviewer have? (5)

A
  • listening skills
  • put questions in a straightforward, clear and non- threatening way
  • be sensitive to non- verbal communication
  • eliminate cues which lead interviewees to respond in a particular way
  • enjoy it, don’t look bored
49
Q

what are the three main steps of qualitative data analysis?

A
  • data reduction
  • data display
  • conclusion drawing/ verifications validity
50
Q

what is data reduction?

A
  • coding, discarding irrelevant data
  • on going process throughout the research
51
Q

what is data display?

A
  • draw conclusions from the mass of data
52
Q

what is conclusion drawing/ verifications validity?

A
  • examined through references to your existing field notes and critical discussion with tutors
53
Q

what are the 7 qualitative data analysis methods?

A
  • ethnographic analysis
  • structured analysis
  • content analysis
  • axial coding and constant comparison
  • inductive and deductive analytical procedures
  • post- structuralism approach
  • feminist approach
54
Q

what is the qualitative data structure?

A
  • words
  • phrases
  • paragraphs
  • connections
  • patterns
  • sequences
55
Q

what is a key process in the data reduction stage?

A
  • coding
56
Q

what is coding?

A
  • organisation of raw data in conceptual categories
57
Q

what is a code?

A
  • tags/ labels for assigning units of meaning to the descriptive information complied during a study
58
Q

what is a code attached to?

A
  • chunks of words/ phrases, sentences or whole paragraphs
59
Q

what is each code effectively?

A
  • effectively a category
  • first stage of providing some form of logical structure to the data
60
Q

what do you do first in coding?

A
  • data is carefully read
  • all statements relating to the research question are identified and assigned a code- category
61
Q

what is the second step of coding?

A
  • reread transcripts
  • search for statement that fits into categories
62
Q

what coding does the third step involve?

A
  • axial coding
  • further codes might be developed
63
Q

what is the fourth step of coding?

A
  • more analytical
  • look for patterns and explanations
64
Q

what are 6 questions that need to be considered after coding?

A
  • to what extent does my sample allow generalisation?
  • what did i do that produced these findings?
  • what was left out and why?
  • what/ who does not fit?
  • what is missing?
  • what is surprising?
65
Q

what is lower order theme?

A
  • consists of raw data themes
66
Q

what is the combination of lower order themes?

A
  • higher order themes
67
Q

what is first in the hierarchy of themes?

A
  • transcripts
68
Q

what is second in the hierarchy of themes?

A
  • raw data themes
69
Q

what is third in the hierarchy of themes?

A
  • lower order themes
70
Q

what is fourth in the hierarchy of themes?

A
  • main themes
71
Q

what is last on the hierarchy of themes?

A
  • dimensions

research methods and data analysis (12 decks)

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