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Psychology Paper 2 > Research methods p2 > Flashcards

Research methods p2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are correlations?

A

A mathematical technique which measures the relationship between two co- variables

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2
Q

What is a correlation co- efficient

A

A number between -1 and +1 that represents the direction and strength between two co- variables

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3
Q

Describe the features of a correlation coefficient

A

+1 = A perfect positive correlation
-1 = A perfect negative correlation
-The closer it is to +1 or -1 the stronger the relationship between the co- variables
- The closer to 0 the weaker the relationship

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4
Q

What are case studies?

A

an in depth detailed analysis of unusual individuals or events

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5
Q

Give one brief strength and one brief limitation of case studies

A
  • provides rich, detailed insights that may shed light on unusual types of behaviour
  • Difficult to generalise due to small sample and subjective nature
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6
Q

What is content analysis?

A

A type of observational research in which people are studied indirectly via communications people have produced
e.g. Texts, emails, presentations, TV, film

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7
Q

What are the two features of content analysis?

A

Coding (quantitative)
Thematic analysis (qualitative)

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8
Q

What is Coding in content analysis?

A

A type of content analysis where data is analysed into chosen categories which form quantitative data
-e.g. a number of times a certain word is used in text

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9
Q

What is Thematic analysis in content anlysis

A

A type of content analysis where themes are identified, these are descriptive and produce qualitative data

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10
Q

What is are a strength of content analysis?

A

Many ethical issues associated with research aren’t a problem as much of the material already exist in the public domain
e.g. ads, tv, film

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11
Q

What is a limitation of content analysis

A

Interpretations - the researcher may perceive may not not be what the speaker or writer originally intended
-Therefore its hard to trust the data analysed

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12
Q

What is reliability?

A

Refers to how consistent a measurement is, includes psychological tests or observations

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13
Q

What are the 3 ways of assessing reliability?

A

Test retest reliability
Inter observer reliability
Measuring reliability

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14
Q

What is Test- retest reliabilty

A

A method of assessing the reliability of a Test or questionnaire
-the test or questionnaire is administered on a different occasion to the same person
-If the results are the same then its reliable

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15
Q

What is Inter- observer reliability

A

A method of testing the reliability of an observational research
-Two or more observers observe the same event and record findings of the particular behaviour independently
-If the results are similar then its reliable

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16
Q

What is measuring reliability?

A

Reliability is measured using correlation analysis
If the test- retest or inter- observer tests are reliable the correlation coefficient should exceed +.80

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17
Q

How can you improve the reliability of Questionnaires

A

A questionnaire that produces a low test-retest reliability may require some items to be deselected or rewritten
- they may be too specific, a solution would be to replace them with broader questions

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18
Q

How can you improve the reliability of interviews

A

Making sure the questions being asked aren’t leading or too ambiguous
-This is more easier avoided using structured interviews

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19
Q

How can you improve the reliability of Observations

A

Making sure the behavioural categories have been correctly operationalised so they aren’t too broad
- e.g. Pushing is less open for interpretation than aggression

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20
Q

How can you improve the reliability of Experiments

A

Making sure procedures are properly standardised
-e.g. procedures must be the same every time

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21
Q

What is Validity?

A

when a research produces results that are legitimate
-If it measures what its supposed to measure
-If it can be generalised beyond the research

22
Q

What are the 3 types of validity?

A

Internal
External
Temporal

23
Q

What is Internal validity

A

The effects are due to the manipulation of the Independent variable and not other factors (e.g. demand characteristics)

24
Q

What is External validity?

A

-The findings can be generalised beyond the setting they are researched in
Ecological validity is a version - Can the findings be generalised to every day life (mundane realism)

25
Q

What is Temporal validity?

A

the findings of a research hold truth over time
-If it was tested in modern society would the results be the same

26
Q

What are the 2 ways of assessing validity?

A

Face validity
Concurrent validity

27
Q

What is Face validity

A

The extent to which a test appears to measure what it claims to measure based on face value

28
Q

What is concurrent validity?

A

The results obtained relates to the results obtained in similar well establish test

29
Q

How can the validity of experiments be improved

A

Using a control group to show the results were due to the IV (Internal validity)

30
Q

How can the validity of Questionnaires be improved

A

Incorporating a lie scale within the questions in order to assess consistency of the responses and reduce social desirability bias

31
Q

How can the validity of Observations be improved

A

Using covert observation to ensure there are no demand characteristics or Hawthorne effect

32
Q

How can the validity of Qualitative research be improved

A

To reduce interpretive bias use triangulation (The use of a number of different sources as evidence e.g. data complied from interviews, personal diaries, observation)

33
Q

What are all the types of statistical test?

A

Sign test
Chi- squared
Wilcoxon
Mann- Whitney
Spearman’s Rho
Related t- test
Unrelated t- test
Pearson’s r

Simon Cowell wants more singers receiving unanimous praise

34
Q

What is the acronym for choosing a statistical test?

A

Simon Cowell

Wants More Singers

Receiving Unanimous Praise

35
Q

What are the 3 things you need to consider when choosing a statistical test?

A
  1. Is it looking for a difference or a correlation
  2. If its a difference what experimental design is being used? Is it related or unrelated
  3. Is the level of measurement Nominal, Ordinal, Interval
36
Q

What are the 3 types of experimental design?

A

Independent groups, Repeated measures, Matched pairs

37
Q

What experimental designs are related and which are unrelated?

A

Unrelated - Independent groups
Related - Repeated measures, matched pairs

38
Q

In what order does it go in when choosing a statistical test (On the chart)

A

Downwards:
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval

Across:
1. Related
2. Unrelated
3. Correlation

39
Q

What is Nominal data?

A

Data is represented in form of categories
e.g. your counting the amount of boys or girls in a class
-Nominal data would count them in categories of male or female
Nominal = named

40
Q

What is Ordinal data?

A
41
Q

What is Interval data?

A
42
Q

What is a Null hypothesis?

A

Researchers begin with either a directional or non directional hypothesis (also referred to as an alternative hypothesis)

A null hypothesis states that there is no difference so it can be disapproved

-The statistical test determines which hypothesis is true (probability) and thus we accept or reject the null hypothesis

43
Q

What do levels of significance and probability mean in hypothesis?

A

Statistical tests work on the basis of probability rather than certainty
Significance level - the point at which the researcher can claim to have found a large enough difference or relationship to say an effect has been found
-The point at which they can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis

-0 indicates Signiant 1 indicates insignificant
Usual level = 0.05 (5%)

44
Q

What is a critical value?

A

-Once a statistical test has been calculated the result number is the - Calculated value

-To check for statistical signifnace is has to be compared with a critical value - number that tells us whether or not we can reject the null hypothess and accpet the alternative

-Some statiscal tests the calculated value has to be equal or greater than critical value
-Other tests the caluated value must be equal or less

45
Q

What are tables of critical values?

A

How the researcher knows what critical value to use:

  1. One tailed (directional) or two tailed (non-directional)
  2. Number of particpants in study
  3. Level of signifance or p value (0.05 is the standard)
46
Q

What are Type I errors?

A

when the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted when it shouldnt have been
-in reality the null hypothesis was “true”
-the researcher claims to have found a signifiacnce when one doesnt exist

47
Q

What are Type II errors?

A

When the null hypothesis is accepted and the alternative is rejected
-when in realility the alternative hypothesis should have been accepted
“False negative”

48
Q

What are all the 6 steps of a scientific report?

A

Abstract (key details of research report e.g. aim, hypothesis, method etc)

Introduction (All look on past researches that relate to current study, includes aims and hypothesis)

Method (what the researcher did, design, sample, procedure)

Results (what the reseacher found including statistal test, critical value, signifnace)

Discussion (What the results tell us in terms of psychological theory)

References (list recourses that are used in article)

49
Q

What are the key features of science?

A

-Paradigms and paradigm shifts
-Objective
-Empirical method
-Falsifiability
-Repicability
-Hypothesis testing

50
Q

What is a paradigm shift?

A

-a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.
Occurs when there is too much contardictory evidence to ignore

51
Q

What is the empirical method

A

Psychology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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