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Psychology Paper 2 > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 key assumptions of the behaviourist approach

A

-Only interested in behaviour that can be observed and measured.

-All behaviour is learnt (Tabula rasa)

-Basic mental processes for learning are the same in a species.

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2
Q

What are the two forms of learning identified by the behaviourist approach

A

-Classical conditioning
-Operant conditioning

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning

A

Learning through association.

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4
Q

Who is the researcher and the research for classical conditioning

A

Pavlovs dogs:
-Dogs were conditioned to salivate when hearing a bell by being fed the same time a bell rung (continuously)

Food = unconditioned stimulus
salivation = unconditioned response
Bell = neutral stimulus
Bell + Food = salivation (during conditioning)
Bell = conditioned stimulus
salivation = conditioned response

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5
Q

What is operant conditioning

A

Behaviour is shaped by consequences
Reward, avoidance and punishment

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6
Q

Who is the researcher and the research for operant conditioning

A

Skinners rats:

Positive reinforcement = Rat is given food every time they pressed the lever

Negative reinforcement = Pressing the lever leads to avoidance of electric shock

Punishment = An unpleasant consequence to a behaviour (finding a way to avoid it would be negative reinforcement)

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7
Q

Give one strength and one limitation of the behaviourist approach

A

Well controlled research = controlled lab settings allowing cause and effect relationships to be established

Deterministic = doesn’t acknowledge free will as it believes all behaviour is the result of reinforcement.

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8
Q

What are the key assumptions of Social learning theory

A

-Through imitation behaviour is learnt

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9
Q

are the 3 main parts of Social learning theory

A

-Vicarious reinforcement
-Mediational processes
-Identification

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10
Q

What is vicarious reinforcement? in SLT

A

Individual observes behaviour of others (more importantly the consequences) and if they are rewarded are more likely to “imitate”

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11
Q

What are the 4 mediational processes in Social learning theory

A

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

(ARRM)

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12
Q

What is identification in SLT

A

People are likely to imitate those they identify with, this person being called a “role model”
-The process of imitating is called modelling

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13
Q

Who research and the researcher of social learning theory

A

Banduras bobo doll:

Study A = Children watched a video of adults acting aggressively to a bobo doll

Study B = Children watched a video of adults acting aggressively to a bobo doll,
-one group saw them being praised and
- second group saw them being punished
-third saw aggression with no consequence.

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14
Q

Give one strength and one limitation of social learning theory

A

Real world application = Apply it to Gender SLT (F&F)

Hawthorne effect = observation can lead to demand characteristics, children may be acting in way they thought was expected of them.

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15
Q

What are the key assumptions of the cognitive approach

A

Internal mental processes such as memory, perception and thinking is what causes behaviour

-Cant test this so they make inferences about what is going on in peoples heads

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16
Q

What is the role of schema in the cognitive approach

A

Schema = Packages of information developed from experience.

-Depending on this schema is how we approach situations

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17
Q

What are theoretical models in the cognitive approach

A

Information processing approach = Information flows through the cognitive system in stages, including input, storage and retrieval. (multi store model)

18
Q

What are computer models in the cognitive approach

A

Using computer programming to see if instructions produce a similar output to humans

-suggests similar processes are going on in the human mind

19
Q

What is one strength and one limitation of the cognitive approach

A

Real world application = The development of AI and “thinking robots”

Reductionism, humans feel emotion and computers don’t (e.g. anxiety)

20
Q

What are the key assumptions of the biological approach

A

-All thoughts, feelings and behaviour are directly from biological processes

21
Q

What are neurotransmitters in the biological approach

A

-Behaviour relies on chemicals in the brain (neurotransmitters)

-An imbalance can explain mental illness e.g
OCD and serotonin

22
Q

What is the genetic basis of the biological approach

A

Twin studies = used to investigate whether psychological characteristics have a genetic basis

Concordance rates = The extent at which twins share the same characteristics

-If a characteristic is genetic Monozygotic twins would have 100% concordance

23
Q

What is genotype and phenotype in the biological approach

A

Genotype = Genetic make up
Phenotype = is created from how these genes interact with the environment

Many biologists understand behaviour is make up of both nature and nurture.

24
Q

What is evolution in the biological approach

A

Darwin = natural selection, Any genetic behaviour that enhances a persons survival will continue in future generations

25
Q

Give one strength and one limitation of the biological approach

A

Real world application = Neurotransmitters applied to behaviour is used in schizophrenia

biological determinism = Assumes all behaviour has the origin of genes

26
Q

What are the main assumptions of the psychodynamic approach

A

The unconscious mind determines behaviour

27
Q

What is the structure of the personality according to Freud in the psychodynamic approach

A

ID = pleasure principle, Primitive part that acts on desire (present from birth and entirely unconscious)

Ego = Reality principle, that mediates between the two.

Superego = Morality principle, formed at the phallic stage and punishes the ego for wrongdoing.

28
Q

What are the psychosexual stages in the psychodynamic approach

A

Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital

29
Q

What is the first stage of Freuds psychosexual stages

A

Oral = developed at 0-1 years
-Focuses on pleasure of the mouth
Later life if not resolved = smoking, biting nails

30
Q

What is the second stage of Freuds psychosexual stages

A

Anal = developed at 1-3 years
-Focuses on pleasure of expelling faeces

Later life if not resolved =
Anal retentive (perfectionist)
Anal expulsive (messy)

31
Q

What is the third stage of Freuds psychosexual stages

A

Phallic = developed at 3-6 years
-Oedipus and Electra complex
Later life if not resolved = narcissistic, reckless

32
Q

What is the fourth stage of Freuds psychosexual stages

A

Latency = Earlier conflicts are repressed

33
Q

What is the fifth stage of Freuds psychosexual stages

A

Genital = sexual desires become conscious alongside puberty
Later life if not resolved = difficulty forming relationships

34
Q

What are the 3 defence mechanisms in the psychodynamic approach and where do they originate from

A

The ego has difficulty balancing the demands of the id and superego
-so forms unconscious coping skills to prevent us from getting overwhelmed

-Repression
-Denial
-Displacement

35
Q

Give 2 limitations of freuds theories

A

Untestable = cant be falsified or empirically tested

Little Hans = case study which is subjective

36
Q

What are the key assumptions of the humanistic approach

A

-Emphasises the importance of personal experience and each persons capacity to grow.

37
Q

What is the role of free will in the humanistic approach

A

Humans can make choices and are not determined by internal biological or external forces although they may contribute.

38
Q

What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs state?

A

Level 5 = Physiological needs e.g. Water, food warmth
Level 4 = Security and safety
Level 3 = Love and belongingness
Level 2 = Self esteem e.g acomplishment
Level 1 = self actualisation

All lower levels need to be completed to reach self actualsation

39
Q

Who proposed the self, congruence and conditions of worth

A

Rogers:
For personal growth to be achieved an individuals real self must be congruent with their ideal self

-He claimed many issues of self esteem in adulthood are formed from a lack of unconditional love in childhood

-A parent who presents conditions of worth “i will only love you if” will bring up future problems for that child.

40
Q

What are 2 strengths of the humanistic approach

A

Not reductionist= its holistic as it shows the enitrity of a person not just one factor

Positive approach = Optimistic and offers a refreshing way to progress (free will)

41
Q

What is one limitation of the humanistic approach

A

Cultural bias = emphasises the individualistic western culture of personal growth
When in collectivist cultures such as India emphasise community

Psychology Paper 2 (4 decks)

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