Research Methods Non-Experimental Flashcards
How many different types of observation are there?
8
What types of observation involve the environment 🍃
Naturalistic - less control more ecological validity
Controlled- pps know studied in a lab.
What 2 observation types involve level of awareness 👀
Overt- pp aware of observation,
ethically good but demand characteristics
Covert- po not aware of observation
What types of observation involve where observer is 🌳
Participant- observer joins oblivious group
Subjectivity increases, high external validity
Non-Participant- watch from a distance
What types of observation involve what you record 📈
Structured- know what to look for
Unstructured- record all behaviour with no system
Very holistic, takes a long time to
What are operationalised behavioural categories?
A specific behaviour to be viewed recorded in a tally
What is a sampling method?
How the data is collected
What is event sampling?
Record every time a SPECIFIC behaviour occurs
Oversimplifies behaviour
What is time 🕰️ sampling?
Record every behaviour in a certain time window
May miss behaviour not in time window
What’s the advantage of a questionnaire?
Easy to replicate
Distribute to a lot of people
What are the disadvantages of questionnaires?
Social desirability bias
Anonymity means difficult to tell the truth from lies
What are open questions?
Qualitative can give your own answer in words
Not restrictive but difficult to analyse
What are closed questions?
Quantitative yes or no questions
Easy to analyse but restrictive
How to write good questionnaires?
No jargon (complicating term)
No leading questions
Appropriate language
What is an interview?
Face to face 🧎🏻♂️➡️🧎🏼♀️interaction
Advantages of interviews?
✅ better knowledge if interviewee is truthful. (via body language etc)
Disadvantages of interviews?
Interviewer bias - eg ugly Professor Jones
What are the three types of interviews?
Structured
Unstructured
Semi-structured
What is the difference between structured and unstructured interviews?
Structured- list of predetermined questions asked in order so REPLICABLE NOMOTHETIC
Unstructured opposite so UNREPLICABLE IDIOGRAPHIC
What is a case study 📖?
Detailed analysis of an individual or small group of people
Advantages of case studies?
Rich detail on unusual data 📊
Used to support/challenge other research 🔬
Disadvantages of case studies?
Researcher bias (subjective)
Little population validity
Not replicable
What is content analysis?
Turning qualitative data to quantitative by creating coding units to then tally up frequency of
What did we do in class to do with content analysis?
Tesco shopping list to assume stuff about person
What is thematic analysis?
Same as content analysis BUT no pre-planned categories only EMERGENT CATEGORIES
What is a correlation?
Analysis if there is a relationship between co-variables
What is a correlation coefficient?
Number between -1 and 1
that tells the strength and direction of the correlation
With hypothesis for correlation what do we NOT do?
Put the word difference
Instead put positive/negative correlation or just correlation
What is meta analysis?
The lazy route … basically google … so COMBINING results from previous studies
To do with meta analysis:
What is quantitative analysis?
Doing a stats test on the numerical data to get an EFFECT SIZE
To do with meta analysis:
What is a qualitative review?
Discussing conclusions of the other studies
What are the advs and disadvs of meta analysis?
Adv: use secondary data = less ethical loopholes for you
Disadv: not know if accurate
Example of meta analysis?
Good old Freud:
———————— Fisher & Greenberg. To see if psychoanalysis actually works as a therapy. IT DOES.
