Memory Flashcards
What is the Multi Store Model?
Sensory register —> Short term memory —> Long term memory
What is the sensory register?
It’s a filter for all the information our 5 senses receive from the environment
Does the sensory register have a code preference?
No, its SENSE SPECIFIC
How much capacity does the sensory register hold?
Very large capacity to hold all of sensory input
Sensory register duration?
1/4 of a second
What is the short term memory?
The conscious thinking, but TEMPORARY part of memory
How to help STM become LTM
Rehearsal Loop
Who studied stm in an annoying word list study?
Baddeley
What was Baddeley’s inductive hypothesis?
To determine if STM preferred auditory input or semantic input (concepts and facts)
What code does STM prefer?
Acoustic as proven by Baddeley
What capacity has STM got?
7 +/- 2 pieces of information
(+chunking)
MILLERS MAGIC NUMBER
STM duration?
18-30 seconds
Trigram given
Given a 3digit number to subtract 3 from aloud
Subtract for certain times
Asked to recall trigram
LTM code preference?
Semantic preference
Baddeley experiment BUT leave 20min between reading list and recall
This time did worse in semantic list by 15%
LTM capacity?
FOREVER (untestable)
LTM duration?
High school year book test
A range of 17-74 yrs pps
Free recall of who was in their graduating years ALL DID BAD
Cued recall of photos given some real photos of classmates some random ppl
Cued recall given list of names of real classmates and some of random ppl
What Case Study of the man with no STM?
KF , hit his head in a motorcycle 🏍️ crash
Proves STM and LTM separately stored.
But STM box is oversimplified as he can only not speak
What Case Study of the man with no LTM?
Clive Wearing , herpes destroyed hippocampi
Proves STM and LTM stored separately
Disproves LTM box oversimplified as only episodic (experience) memories are gone
What does MSM suffer with?
MACHINE REDUCTIONISM
What is the Working Memory Model?
STM box is replaced with more complex system
In the WMM where does the sensory register lead to?
The central executive (boss) your actual conscious mind
In the WMM where does the central executive lead to?
The Phonological Loop and the Visuo-Spatial Loop
In the WMM what is in the phonological loop?
Articulatory Process - inner voice
Phonological Store - inner ear
In the WMM what is in the Visuo-Spatial loop?
Visual Cache - inner eye
Inner Scribe - inner eye
In the WMM where does the two loops also lead to?
Episodic Buffer - puts sound and semantic together in an episode
In the WMM where does the episodic buffer lead to?
The LTM
In the WMM, are most the arrows reversible?
Yes
What does the WMM suffer from?
Machine reductionism-as memory can be affected by memory and motivation
What did a PET scan prove in favour of the WMM?
That auditory and visual systems are separate!
What did a PET scan prove against the WMM?
No evidence of a central executive or episodic buffer
What is an episodic memory?
Life events which can refer to time, people, places etc
Like 10th birthday
What are semantic memories?
Factual knowledge of the world like capital of France
What is a procedural memory?
How to do things practically, muscle memory
Like swimming and writing
Which two LTM types can be recalled consciously?
Semantic and Episodic
Which LTM memory type is not thought of consciously?
Procedural
Where are procedural memories found?
Cerebellum
Where are semantic memories found?
Cerebrum
Where are episodic memories found?
Hippocampi
Which main man 👨 case study proves different types of LTM?
CLIVE WEARING - damaged hippocampi from herpes
What is the problem with 3 types of LTM?
There could be more than 3 types and a more complex storing system
What is and what has to happen for interference to occur
When one memory disrupts your ability to recall another
Memories have to be QUITE SIMILAR
What are the 2 types of interference?
Retroactive and proactive
What pneumonic with arrows irl helps remember which interference is which
P roactive
O ld affects new
R etroactive
N ew affects old
Case study of forgetting
3 groups of people each get a task at remembering some lists
Adjective list one
Number list one
Adjective list two
Group one learn just adj 1
Group two learn adj1 and numb1
Group three learns adj1 and adj2
Conclusion …
What are the two types of retrieval failure?
Context dependent
State dependent
What qualifies as context dependent
Environmental
Colours 🌈
Sound 🎤
Temperature 🌡️
What study was done on context dependent forgetting
Baddeley’s diving students
Diving students did 4 conditions
Learning underwater - recalling underwater
Learning above land - recalling above land
Learning underwater - recalling above land
Learning above land - recalling underwater
Conclusion?
What conditions could affect state dependent forgetting
Drunkenness 🥴
Highness 🍃
Taste of breath 👅
What is a schema (RECALL)
A network of assumptions about things
What is schema made of
Concepts
Events
Pre-existing knowledge in our minds
What are schemas for?
Help interpret the world
Fill gaps in new knowledge
Why can schemas be problematic
Creates stigmas
When info doesn’t match our schemas it changes it
What naughty things can be done in eye witness testimony that affect them
Leading questions
Misleading information
Post-event discussion
What is a leading question?
Manipulate persons schema to give desired response
Exaggerates the truth
What is misleading information in EWT?
Incorrect info given to person so alters memory of event for desired response
Causing a lie
Why is post-event discussion bad?
A misleading conversation after the crime that adds false info to memory
Eg friend says oh I bet he had a big beard
Loftus: our EWT gal did what experiment involving car crashes
Students watched car crash on TV
Given questionnaire about it but main que. was what speed was car going when
Smashed
Collided
Bumped
Hit
Contacted
Conclusion?
What other experiment did Loftus do involving glass
Repeated first experiment with speed and verbs
But asked a week later if there was any broken glass (there wasn’t)
Conclusion?
Evaluation of Loftus?
- Low ecological validity (lab)
- Demand characteristics (her own students)
- Lots of bias as her own friend motivated her to start researching
Which guys said EWT is good?
Yuille and Cutshall (Canadians)
What case study about guns in Canada was done?
Thief tries to rob gunstore
Owner kills in self-defence
13/21 witnesses agreed to do the study 5 months after
Their memories were perfectly fine
Evaluation of EWT issue/debate?
Reductionism vs holistic
Reductionist as attempts to explain complex behaviour using lab experiments with only a few controlled variables
What factor can majorly affect EWT?
Anxiety 😥
What does the graph showing anxiety for AO1 look like?
Inverted U-shape
X-axis is anxiety
Y-axis is EWT Accuracy
What happens when there is too little anxiety?
Disinterest no attention paid SO gaps in memory SO schema
What happens at the medium anxiety?
Sharper senses magnified by fight or flight
What happens at high anxiety?
Senses shutdown (fainting)
SO gaps in memory SO schema
Which previous study suffers from low anxiety?
Loftus TV car crashes
Which previous study has a good amount of anxiety
Canada Shooting
What is weapon focus?
When weapon creates anxiety and the witness pays SELECTIVE ATTENTION to it.
What weird experiment shows weapon effect.
Pps in waiting room
Group 1 hear argument man walks out with pen
Group 2 hear argument and man walks out with bloody knife
Asked to identify man’s face afterwards decrease 16%
What is a weakness of using anxiety as a factor of EWT
Anxiety is subjective
Idiographic vs nomothetic
How can improve EWT accuracy
Cognitive interview
What is in a cognitive interview 👮
Report EVERYTHING
Reinstatement of context
Reverse order of story
Change persons
How does reporting EVERYTHING improve accuracy
Including emotions and thoughts may trigger emotional state cues
How does reinstating context improve accuracy
Bringing back to crime scene for context and state cues
How does reversing order of story affect accuracy
Removes schema gap filling
How does changing perspective affect accuracy
Recalling from another POV disrupts schema
What experiment uses cognitive interviews
47 witnesses of irl crimes
Group 1 given standard interview and standard interview
Group 2 given standard interview and cognitive interview
Group 2 gave 47% more detail
