Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Multi Store Model?

A

Sensory register —> Short term memory —> Long term memory

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2
Q

What is the sensory register?

A

It’s a filter for all the information our 5 senses receive from the environment

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3
Q

Does the sensory register have a code preference?

A

No, its SENSE SPECIFIC

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4
Q

How much capacity does the sensory register hold?

A

Very large capacity to hold all of sensory input

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5
Q

Sensory register duration?

A

1/4 of a second

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6
Q

What is the short term memory?

A

The conscious thinking, but TEMPORARY part of memory

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7
Q

How to help STM become LTM

A

Rehearsal Loop

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8
Q

Who studied stm in an annoying word list study?

A

Baddeley

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9
Q

What was Baddeley’s inductive hypothesis?

A

To determine if STM preferred auditory input or semantic input (concepts and facts)

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10
Q

What code does STM prefer?

A

Acoustic as proven by Baddeley

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11
Q

What capacity has STM got?

A

7 +/- 2 pieces of information
(+chunking)
MILLERS MAGIC NUMBER

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12
Q

STM duration?

A

18-30 seconds

Trigram given
Given a 3digit number to subtract 3 from aloud
Subtract for certain times
Asked to recall trigram

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13
Q

LTM code preference?

A

Semantic preference

Baddeley experiment BUT leave 20min between reading list and recall
This time did worse in semantic list by 15%

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14
Q

LTM capacity?

A

FOREVER (untestable)

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15
Q

LTM duration?

A

High school year book test

A range of 17-74 yrs pps

Free recall of who was in their graduating years ALL DID BAD

Cued recall of photos given some real photos of classmates some random ppl

Cued recall given list of names of real classmates and some of random ppl

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16
Q

What Case Study of the man with no STM?

A

KF , hit his head in a motorcycle 🏍️ crash

Proves STM and LTM separately stored.
But STM box is oversimplified as he can only not speak

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17
Q

What Case Study of the man with no LTM?

A

Clive Wearing , herpes destroyed hippocampi

Proves STM and LTM stored separately
Disproves LTM box oversimplified as only episodic (experience) memories are gone

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18
Q

What does MSM suffer with?

A

MACHINE REDUCTIONISM

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19
Q

What is the Working Memory Model?

A

STM box is replaced with more complex system

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20
Q

In the WMM where does the sensory register lead to?

A

The central executive (boss) your actual conscious mind

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21
Q

In the WMM where does the central executive lead to?

A

The Phonological Loop and the Visuo-Spatial Loop

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22
Q

In the WMM what is in the phonological loop?

A

Articulatory Process - inner voice
Phonological Store - inner ear

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23
Q

In the WMM what is in the Visuo-Spatial loop?

A

Visual Cache - inner eye
Inner Scribe - inner eye

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24
Q

In the WMM where does the two loops also lead to?

A

Episodic Buffer - puts sound and semantic together in an episode

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25
Q

In the WMM where does the episodic buffer lead to?

A

The LTM

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26
Q

In the WMM, are most the arrows reversible?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What does the WMM suffer from?

A

Machine reductionism-as memory can be affected by memory and motivation

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28
Q

What did a PET scan prove in favour of the WMM?

A

That auditory and visual systems are separate!

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29
Q

What did a PET scan prove against the WMM?

A

No evidence of a central executive or episodic buffer

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30
Q

What is an episodic memory?

A

Life events which can refer to time, people, places etc

Like 10th birthday

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31
Q

What are semantic memories?

A

Factual knowledge of the world like capital of France

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32
Q

What is a procedural memory?

A

How to do things practically, muscle memory

Like swimming and writing

33
Q

Which two LTM types can be recalled consciously?

A

Semantic and Episodic

34
Q

Which LTM memory type is not thought of consciously?

A

Procedural

35
Q

Where are procedural memories found?

A

Cerebellum

36
Q

Where are semantic memories found?

37
Q

Where are episodic memories found?

A

Hippocampi

38
Q

Which main man 👨 case study proves different types of LTM?

A

CLIVE WEARING - damaged hippocampi from herpes

39
Q

What is the problem with 3 types of LTM?

A

There could be more than 3 types and a more complex storing system

40
Q

What is and what has to happen for interference to occur

A

When one memory disrupts your ability to recall another

Memories have to be QUITE SIMILAR

41
Q

What are the 2 types of interference?

A

Retroactive and proactive

42
Q

What pneumonic with arrows irl helps remember which interference is which

A

P roactive
O ld affects new
R etroactive
N ew affects old

43
Q

Case study of forgetting

A

3 groups of people each get a task at remembering some lists

Adjective list one
Number list one
Adjective list two

Group one learn just adj 1
Group two learn adj1 and numb1
Group three learns adj1 and adj2

Conclusion …

44
Q

What are the two types of retrieval failure?

A

Context dependent
State dependent

45
Q

What qualifies as context dependent

A

Environmental
Colours 🌈
Sound 🎤
Temperature 🌡️

46
Q

What study was done on context dependent forgetting

A

Baddeley’s diving students

Diving students did 4 conditions

Learning underwater - recalling underwater

Learning above land - recalling above land

Learning underwater - recalling above land

Learning above land - recalling underwater

Conclusion?

47
Q

What conditions could affect state dependent forgetting

A

Drunkenness 🥴
Highness 🍃
Taste of breath 👅

48
Q

What is a schema (RECALL)

A

A network of assumptions about things

49
Q

What is schema made of

A

Concepts
Events
Pre-existing knowledge in our minds

50
Q

What are schemas for?

A

Help interpret the world
Fill gaps in new knowledge

51
Q

Why can schemas be problematic

A

Creates stigmas

When info doesn’t match our schemas it changes it

52
Q

What naughty things can be done in eye witness testimony that affect them

A

Leading questions

Misleading information

Post-event discussion

53
Q

What is a leading question?

A

Manipulate persons schema to give desired response

Exaggerates the truth

54
Q

What is misleading information in EWT?

A

Incorrect info given to person so alters memory of event for desired response

Causing a lie

55
Q

Why is post-event discussion bad?

A

A misleading conversation after the crime that adds false info to memory

Eg friend says oh I bet he had a big beard

56
Q

Loftus: our EWT gal did what experiment involving car crashes

A

Students watched car crash on TV

Given questionnaire about it but main que. was what speed was car going when

Smashed
Collided
Bumped
Hit
Contacted

Conclusion?

57
Q

What other experiment did Loftus do involving glass

A

Repeated first experiment with speed and verbs

But asked a week later if there was any broken glass (there wasn’t)

Conclusion?

58
Q

Evaluation of Loftus?

A
  1. Low ecological validity (lab)
  2. Demand characteristics (her own students)
  3. Lots of bias as her own friend motivated her to start researching
59
Q

Which guys said EWT is good?

A

Yuille and Cutshall (Canadians)

60
Q

What case study about guns in Canada was done?

A

Thief tries to rob gunstore
Owner kills in self-defence

13/21 witnesses agreed to do the study 5 months after

Their memories were perfectly fine

61
Q

Evaluation of EWT issue/debate?

A

Reductionism vs holistic

Reductionist as attempts to explain complex behaviour using lab experiments with only a few controlled variables

62
Q

What factor can majorly affect EWT?

A

Anxiety 😥

63
Q

What does the graph showing anxiety for AO1 look like?

A

Inverted U-shape
X-axis is anxiety
Y-axis is EWT Accuracy

64
Q

What happens when there is too little anxiety?

A

Disinterest no attention paid SO gaps in memory SO schema

65
Q

What happens at the medium anxiety?

A

Sharper senses magnified by fight or flight

66
Q

What happens at high anxiety?

A

Senses shutdown (fainting)
SO gaps in memory SO schema

67
Q

Which previous study suffers from low anxiety?

A

Loftus TV car crashes

68
Q

Which previous study has a good amount of anxiety

A

Canada Shooting

69
Q

What is weapon focus?

A

When weapon creates anxiety and the witness pays SELECTIVE ATTENTION to it.

70
Q

What weird experiment shows weapon effect.

A

Pps in waiting room
Group 1 hear argument man walks out with pen
Group 2 hear argument and man walks out with bloody knife

Asked to identify man’s face afterwards decrease 16%

71
Q

What is a weakness of using anxiety as a factor of EWT

A

Anxiety is subjective
Idiographic vs nomothetic

72
Q

How can improve EWT accuracy

A

Cognitive interview

73
Q

What is in a cognitive interview 👮

A

Report EVERYTHING
Reinstatement of context
Reverse order of story
Change persons

74
Q

How does reporting EVERYTHING improve accuracy

A

Including emotions and thoughts may trigger emotional state cues

75
Q

How does reinstating context improve accuracy

A

Bringing back to crime scene for context and state cues

76
Q

How does reversing order of story affect accuracy

A

Removes schema gap filling

77
Q

How does changing perspective affect accuracy

A

Recalling from another POV disrupts schema

78
Q

What experiment uses cognitive interviews

A

47 witnesses of irl crimes

Group 1 given standard interview and standard interview

Group 2 given standard interview and cognitive interview

Group 2 gave 47% more detail