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Psychology Aqa > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Multi Store Model?

A

Sensory register —> Short term memory —> Long term memory

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2
Q

What is the sensory register?

A

It’s a filter for all the information our 5 senses receive from the environment

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3
Q

Does the sensory register have a code preference?

A

No, its SENSE SPECIFIC

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4
Q

How much capacity does the sensory register hold?

A

Very large capacity to hold all of sensory input

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5
Q

Sensory register duration?

A

1/4 of a second

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6
Q

What is the short term memory?

A

The conscious thinking, but TEMPORARY part of memory

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7
Q

How to help STM become LTM

A

Rehearsal Loop

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8
Q

Who studied stm in an annoying word list study?

A

Baddeley

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9
Q

What was Baddeley’s inductive hypothesis?

A

To determine if STM preferred auditory input or semantic input (concepts and facts)

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10
Q

What code does STM prefer?

A

Acoustic as proven by Baddeley

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11
Q

What capacity has STM got?

A

7 +/- 2 pieces of information
(+chunking)
MILLERS MAGIC NUMBER

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12
Q

STM duration?

A

18-30 seconds

Trigram given
Given a 3digit number to subtract 3 from aloud
Subtract for certain times
Asked to recall trigram

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13
Q

LTM code preference?

A

Semantic preference

Baddeley experiment BUT leave 20min between reading list and recall
This time did worse in semantic list by 15%

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14
Q

LTM capacity?

A

FOREVER (untestable)

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15
Q

LTM duration?

A

High school year book test

A range of 17-74 yrs pps

Free recall of who was in their graduating years ALL DID BAD

Cued recall of photos given some real photos of classmates some random ppl

Cued recall given list of names of real classmates and some of random ppl

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16
Q

What Case Study of the man with no STM?

A

KF , hit his head in a motorcycle 🏍️ crash

Proves STM and LTM separately stored.
But STM box is oversimplified as he can only not speak

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17
Q

What Case Study of the man with no LTM?

A

Clive Wearing , herpes destroyed hippocampi

Proves STM and LTM stored separately
Disproves LTM box oversimplified as only episodic (experience) memories are gone

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18
Q

What does MSM suffer with?

A

MACHINE REDUCTIONISM

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19
Q

What is the Working Memory Model?

A

STM box is replaced with more complex system

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20
Q

In the WMM where does the sensory register lead to?

A

The central executive (boss) your actual conscious mind

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21
Q

In the WMM where does the central executive lead to?

A

The Phonological Loop and the Visuo-Spatial Loop

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22
Q

In the WMM what is in the phonological loop?

A

Articulatory Process - inner voice
Phonological Store - inner ear

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23
Q

In the WMM what is in the Visuo-Spatial loop?

A

Visual Cache - inner eye
Inner Scribe - inner eye

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24
Q

In the WMM where does the two loops also lead to?

A

Episodic Buffer - puts sound and semantic together in an episode

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25
In the WMM where does the episodic buffer lead to?
The LTM
26
In the WMM, are most the arrows reversible?
Yes
27
What does the WMM suffer from?
Machine reductionism-as memory can be affected by memory and motivation
28
What did a PET scan prove in favour of the WMM?
That auditory and visual systems are separate!
29
What did a PET scan prove against the WMM?
No evidence of a central executive or episodic buffer
30
What is an episodic memory?
Life events which can refer to time, people, places etc Like 10th birthday
31
What are semantic memories?
Factual knowledge of the world like capital of France
32
What is a procedural memory?
How to do things practically, muscle memory Like swimming and writing
33
Which two LTM types can be recalled consciously?
Semantic and Episodic
34
Which LTM memory type is not thought of consciously?
Procedural
35
Where are procedural memories found?
Cerebellum
36
Where are semantic memories found?
Cerebrum
37
Where are episodic memories found?
Hippocampi
38
Which main man 👨 case study proves different types of LTM?
CLIVE WEARING - damaged hippocampi from herpes
39
What is the problem with 3 types of LTM?
There could be more than 3 types and a more complex storing system
40
What is and what has to happen for interference to occur
When one memory disrupts your ability to recall another Memories have to be QUITE SIMILAR
41
What are the 2 types of interference?
Retroactive and proactive
42
What pneumonic with arrows irl helps remember which interference is which
**P** roactive **O** ld affects new **R** etroactive **N** ew affects old
43
Case study of forgetting
3 groups of people each get a task at remembering some lists Adjective list one Number list one Adjective list two Group one learn just adj 1 Group two learn adj1 and numb1 Group three learns adj1 and adj2 Conclusion …
44
What are the two types of retrieval failure?
Context dependent State dependent
45
What qualifies as context dependent
Environmental Colours 🌈 Sound 🎤 Temperature 🌡️
46
What study was done on context dependent forgetting
Baddeley’s diving students Diving students did 4 conditions Learning underwater - recalling underwater Learning above land - recalling above land Learning underwater - recalling above land Learning above land - recalling underwater Conclusion?
47
What conditions could affect state dependent forgetting
Drunkenness 🥴 Highness 🍃 Taste of breath 👅
48
What is a schema (RECALL)
A network of assumptions about things
49
What is schema made of
Concepts Events Pre-existing knowledge in our minds
50
What are schemas for?
Help interpret the world Fill gaps in new knowledge
51
Why can schemas be problematic
Creates stigmas When info doesn’t match our schemas it changes it
52
What naughty things can be done in *eye witness testimony* that affect them
Leading questions Misleading information Post-event discussion
53
What is a leading question?
Manipulate persons schema to give desired response Exaggerates the truth
54
What is misleading information in EWT?
Incorrect info given to person so alters memory of event for desired response Causing a lie
55
Why is post-event discussion bad?
A misleading conversation after the crime that adds false info to memory Eg friend says oh I bet he had a big beard
56
Loftus: our EWT gal did what experiment involving car crashes
Students watched car crash on TV Given questionnaire about it but main que. was what speed was car going when Smashed Collided Bumped Hit Contacted Conclusion?
57
What other experiment did Loftus do involving glass
Repeated first experiment with speed and verbs But asked a week later if there was any broken glass (there wasn’t) Conclusion?
58
Evaluation of Loftus?
1. Low ecological validity (lab) 2. Demand characteristics (her own students) 3. Lots of bias as her own friend motivated her to start researching
59
Which guys said EWT is good?
Yuille and Cutshall (Canadians)
60
What case study about guns in Canada was done?
Thief tries to rob gunstore Owner kills in self-defence 13/21 witnesses agreed to do the study 5 months after Their memories were perfectly fine
61
Evaluation of EWT issue/debate?
Reductionism vs holistic Reductionist as attempts to explain complex behaviour using lab experiments with only a few controlled variables
62
What factor can majorly affect EWT?
Anxiety 😥
63
What does the graph showing anxiety for AO1 look like?
Inverted U-shape X-axis is anxiety Y-axis is EWT Accuracy
64
What happens when there is too little anxiety?
Disinterest no attention paid SO *gaps in memory* SO *schema*
65
What happens at the medium anxiety?
Sharper senses magnified by fight or flight
66
What happens at high anxiety?
Senses shutdown (fainting) SO gaps in memory SO schema
67
Which previous study suffers from low anxiety?
Loftus TV car crashes
68
Which previous study has a good amount of anxiety
Canada Shooting
69
What is weapon focus?
When weapon creates anxiety and the witness pays SELECTIVE ATTENTION to it.
70
What weird experiment shows weapon effect.
Pps in waiting room Group 1 hear argument man walks out with pen Group 2 hear argument and man walks out with bloody knife Asked to identify man’s face afterwards decrease 16%
71
What is a weakness of using anxiety as a factor of EWT
Anxiety is subjective Idiographic vs nomothetic
72
How can improve EWT accuracy
Cognitive interview
73
What is in a cognitive interview 👮
Report EVERYTHING Reinstatement of context Reverse order of story Change persons
74
How does reporting EVERYTHING improve accuracy
Including emotions and thoughts may *trigger emotional state cues*
75
How does reinstating context improve accuracy
Bringing back to crime scene for *context and state cues*
76
How does reversing order of story affect accuracy
Removes schema gap filling
77
How does changing perspective affect accuracy
Recalling from another POV disrupts schema
78
What experiment uses cognitive interviews
47 witnesses of irl crimes Group 1 given standard interview and standard interview Group 2 given standard interview and cognitive interview Group 2 gave 47% more detail

Psychology Aqa (5 decks)

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