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Psychology Aqa > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

Who’s the father of psychology (who you owe this very card to)?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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2
Q

How was father Wundt different from others

A

He believed in a scientific not philosophical view of the mind

He wanted to predict behaviour

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3
Q

What technique did father Wundt invent?

A

Introspection- reflecting own thoughts and behaviour

  1. Presented with stimulus
  2. Inspect your thoughts
  3. Draw conclusions for predicting
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4
Q

How was Wundt scientific?

A

Controlled lab environment

Standardised procedures

He started psychology as a bloomin science

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5
Q

Real world application for introspection

A

Recovering gambling addicts

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6
Q

How is introspection SUBJECTIVE

A

Private thoughts = LIARS

Can’t have identical rules considering UNIQUENESS

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7
Q

Who founded the psychodynamic approach

A

Sigmund Freud !!!

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8
Q

The mind is made of three levels?

A

Conscious mind
Preconscious mind
Unconscious mind

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9
Q

The personality is a TRIPARTITE involving…

A

The Id = pleasure seeker
The Ego = reality achiever
The Superego = moral lover

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10
Q

The psychosexual stages = basically the game of life. What are the rules?

A

Libido = sexual energy…if you spend too much at a stage a FIXATION occurs

Fixations = manifest trouble when grown up

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11
Q

What are the stages and the ages you are at them?

A

Old - Oral Stage (0-1yrs)
Age - Anal Stage (1-3yrs)
People - Phallic Stage (3-6yrs)
Love - Latent Stage (6-12yrs)
Girls - Genital Stage (12+yrs)

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12
Q

What crazy theory did Freud propose (he needed help)

A

Oedipus complex - boys identify with dad as they are scared of dad because they wanna sleep with mum but dad sleeps with mum

Elektra Complex - girls identify with mum because they want a dick and are sad they don’t have one and mum is equally as sad so may as well be sad together

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13
Q

What are the three defence mechanisms (finally something useful)

A

Repression - moving a thought/emotion into the unconscious (temporarily)

Denial - deny something happened (constant)

Displacement- move the emotional direction at another thing

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14
Q

Does psychodynamic theories REALLY work on girls?

A

Not really, most of them are ANDROCENTRIC have a gender bias

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15
Q

How is Freud unscientific?

A

Falsifiable - cannot prove unconscious exists

Objective - same as Wundt

Empirical- based on anecdotal case studies

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16
Q

What’s the one good thing Freud gave us?

A

Psychoanalysis therapy very commonly used for conditions like phobias

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17
Q

Which two people do we have to thank for Behaviourism?

A

Classical conditioning= Pavlov
Operant conditioning= Skinner

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18
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning by ASSOCIATION

Unconditioned response into a conditioned response

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19
Q

Think to Pavlov’s doggos

A

Food =UCS + Salivation =UCR
Bell=NS + NR
Food =UCS + Bell =NS
A WHILE LATER
Bell =CS + Salivation =CR

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20
Q

How to make classical conditioning perfect

A

Timing - pair the UCS + NS simultaneously

Extinction- CR forgotten if NS is forgotten

Generalisation- similar objects to NS can cause CR

Spontaneous Recovery - if forgotten CR created quicker

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21
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A form of learning via reinforcement

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22
Q

Whos the man who loved rats a bit too much?

A

Skinner!

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23
Q

What is a Skinner box?

A

Place rat in torture (Skinner) box where :

Floor is electrified every time a wrong answer is given
Treat is given when a correct answer is given

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24
Q

What is positive and negative reinforcement?

A

Positive reinforcement- reward when certain behaviour is done

Negative reinforcement- avoiding unpleasant repercussions

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25
Q

Real life applications (even if we are not rats)

A

Token economy used in psychiatric hospitals and prisons

26
Q

What is positive and negative punishment?

A

Positive punishment- adding undesirable stimulus after unwanted behaviour e.g. violence

Negative punishment- the removal of a pleasant stimulus e.g. food

27
Q

What is social learning theory?

A

Learning directly AND indirectly (vicariously)

28
Q

What are the 4 mediational processes?

A

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation

Mental factors determining what you learn

29
Q

What test did definitely fair Bandura do?

A

Bobo dolls

72 3-5yrs watched an adult either attack the doll, play with the doll or nothing with the doll

30
Q

What was the independent, dependent and control variable of the Bobo dolls

A

DEPENDENT Aggression measured before and after test
INDEPENDENT method of doll use
CONTROL same room, all 3-5yrs

31
Q

What is identification

A

When you associate yourself with a role model and wanna be like them

Usually same sex

32
Q

Who is the number one hippie humanist we all love?

A

Maslow!!! 🌺

33
Q

What are Maslow’s rules to be happy even if humanists don’t believe in rules?

A

Self actualisation
Self esteem
Love and belonging
Safety
Physiological

IN THAT ORDER

34
Q

What is self actualisation

A

The want to be the best possible version of you 🤗

35
Q

How does the Self come into this?

A

Self worth = how you feel about yourself

Self Image = how you see yourself

Ideal Self = who you wanna be

36
Q

Why do we need to be congruent to be happy?

A

Congruence is if your self image and ideal self are similar

MORE likely to self actualise

37
Q

What is unconditional positive regard and conditions of worth?

A

Unconditional positive regard is love ❤️ without conditions

Conditions of worth is rules placed to earn love

38
Q

Why do we like humanists?

A

Optimistic sunshine and rainbows

Free will makes you feel nice

39
Q

Why don’t we like humanists?

A

Hypocrites- rules even when they hate rules

Only works in a individualistic culture

40
Q

What is the cognitive approach all about?

A

THINKING 🤔

41
Q

How are the cognitive approach literally different from other approaches?

A

While most go from stimulus to response cognitive psychology believes in INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSES

42
Q

What are internal mental process
Give examples

A

A thought process in your head
Eg Language and Problem Solving

43
Q

This was the 1970s what did cognitive psychologists use to back up theories?

A

INFERENCE: drawing a conclusion from evidence and reasoning

44
Q

How did cognitives explain their theories?

A

Using theoretical and computer models (you can draw them in exams!)

45
Q

How are computer models slightly different?

A

They use computer terms like storage for memory and CPU for brain.

46
Q

Why are models good and bad?

A

Adv: very helpful in developing AI

Disasv: machine reductionism oversimplifying

47
Q

What is a schema?

A

A schema is a mental framework of beliefs and expectations.
Like a spiderweb 🕸️

48
Q

How are schemas helpful and unhelpful?

A

Helpful to make sense of the world using shortcuts

Unhelpful as provides bias (racism) and generalisation

49
Q

How was cognitive neuroscience born from biological and cognitive?

A

The scientific study of the influence of brain structure on mental processes

50
Q

What do they use to probe your brain?

A

MRI = magnetic resonance imaging

PET = positron emission tomography

51
Q

Why is cognitive approach good?

A

VERY SCIENTIFIC

Real world application - improving eye witness testimony

52
Q

Why is cognitive approach bad?

A

Ignores emotional and social factors of behaviour
Says how we think but not why

Low ecological validity

53
Q

What is the most scientific approach?

A

Biological!!

54
Q

What is the biological bible?

A

The influence of :
Genes
Biological Structures
Neurochemistry

55
Q

Give an example of a neurochemical?

A

Melatonin = pineal gland and regulates sleep 💤

56
Q

Why are biological psychologists weirdly interested with IDENTICAL TWINS?

A

Twin studies are useful studying genetics as they have the same genetic makeup

57
Q

What is a concordance rating?

A

Degree of similarity between individuals on a characteristic

58
Q

What is the genotype and phenotype?

A

Genotype = entire genetic makeup

Phenotype = genotype plus environmental factors

59
Q

How is the biological approach good?

A

VERY SCIENTIFIC using machines

Drug therapy like antidepressants help symptoms

60
Q

How is the biological approach bad?

A

Biological / hard determinism
No free will so cannot blame behaviours

Psychology Aqa (4 decks)

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