Approaches Flashcards
Who’s the father of psychology (who you owe this very card to)?
Wilhelm Wundt
How was father Wundt different from others
He believed in a scientific not philosophical view of the mind
He wanted to predict behaviour
What technique did father Wundt invent?
Introspection- reflecting own thoughts and behaviour
- Presented with stimulus
- Inspect your thoughts
- Draw conclusions for predicting
How was Wundt scientific?
Controlled lab environment
Standardised procedures
He started psychology as a bloomin science
Real world application for introspection
Recovering gambling addicts
How is introspection SUBJECTIVE
Private thoughts = LIARS
Can’t have identical rules considering UNIQUENESS
Who founded the psychodynamic approach
Sigmund Freud !!!
The mind is made of three levels?
Conscious mind
Preconscious mind
Unconscious mind
The personality is a TRIPARTITE involving…
The Id = pleasure seeker
The Ego = reality achiever
The Superego = moral lover
The psychosexual stages = basically the game of life. What are the rules?
Libido = sexual energy…if you spend too much at a stage a FIXATION occurs
Fixations = manifest trouble when grown up
What are the stages and the ages you are at them?
Old - Oral Stage (0-1yrs)
Age - Anal Stage (1-3yrs)
People - Phallic Stage (3-6yrs)
Love - Latent Stage (6-12yrs)
Girls - Genital Stage (12+yrs)
What crazy theory did Freud propose (he needed help)
Oedipus complex - boys identify with dad as they are scared of dad because they wanna sleep with mum but dad sleeps with mum
Elektra Complex - girls identify with mum because they want a dick and are sad they don’t have one and mum is equally as sad so may as well be sad together
What are the three defence mechanisms (finally something useful)
Repression - moving a thought/emotion into the unconscious (temporarily)
Denial - deny something happened (constant)
Displacement- move the emotional direction at another thing
Does psychodynamic theories REALLY work on girls?
Not really, most of them are ANDROCENTRIC have a gender bias
How is Freud unscientific?
Falsifiable - cannot prove unconscious exists
Objective - same as Wundt
Empirical- based on anecdotal case studies
What’s the one good thing Freud gave us?
Psychoanalysis therapy very commonly used for conditions like phobias
Which two people do we have to thank for Behaviourism?
Classical conditioning= Pavlov
Operant conditioning= Skinner
What is classical conditioning?
Learning by ASSOCIATION
Unconditioned response into a conditioned response
Think to Pavlov’s doggos
Food =UCS + Salivation =UCR
Bell=NS + NR
Food =UCS + Bell =NS
A WHILE LATER
Bell =CS + Salivation =CR
How to make classical conditioning perfect
Timing - pair the UCS + NS simultaneously
Extinction- CR forgotten if NS is forgotten
Generalisation- similar objects to NS can cause CR
Spontaneous Recovery - if forgotten CR created quicker
What is operant conditioning?
A form of learning via reinforcement
Whos the man who loved rats a bit too much?
Skinner!
What is a Skinner box?
Place rat in torture (Skinner) box where :
Floor is electrified every time a wrong answer is given
Treat is given when a correct answer is given
What is positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement- reward when certain behaviour is done
Negative reinforcement- avoiding unpleasant repercussions
Real life applications (even if we are not rats)
Token economy used in psychiatric hospitals and prisons
What is positive and negative punishment?
Positive punishment- adding undesirable stimulus after unwanted behaviour e.g. violence
Negative punishment- the removal of a pleasant stimulus e.g. food
What is social learning theory?
Learning directly AND indirectly (vicariously)
What are the 4 mediational processes?
Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation
Mental factors determining what you learn
What test did definitely fair Bandura do?
Bobo dolls
72 3-5yrs watched an adult either attack the doll, play with the doll or nothing with the doll
What was the independent, dependent and control variable of the Bobo dolls
DEPENDENT Aggression measured before and after test
INDEPENDENT method of doll use
CONTROL same room, all 3-5yrs
What is identification
When you associate yourself with a role model and wanna be like them
Usually same sex
Who is the number one hippie humanist we all love?
Maslow!!! 🌺
What are Maslow’s rules to be happy even if humanists don’t believe in rules?
Self actualisation
Self esteem
Love and belonging
Safety
Physiological
IN THAT ORDER
What is self actualisation
The want to be the best possible version of you 🤗
How does the Self come into this?
Self worth = how you feel about yourself
Self Image = how you see yourself
Ideal Self = who you wanna be
Why do we need to be congruent to be happy?
Congruence is if your self image and ideal self are similar
MORE likely to self actualise
What is unconditional positive regard and conditions of worth?
Unconditional positive regard is love ❤️ without conditions
Conditions of worth is rules placed to earn love
Why do we like humanists?
Optimistic sunshine and rainbows
Free will makes you feel nice
Why don’t we like humanists?
Hypocrites- rules even when they hate rules
Only works in a individualistic culture
What is the cognitive approach all about?
THINKING 🤔
How are the cognitive approach literally different from other approaches?
While most go from stimulus to response cognitive psychology believes in INTERNAL MENTAL PROCESSES
What are internal mental process
Give examples
A thought process in your head
Eg Language and Problem Solving
This was the 1970s what did cognitive psychologists use to back up theories?
INFERENCE: drawing a conclusion from evidence and reasoning
How did cognitives explain their theories?
Using theoretical and computer models (you can draw them in exams!)
How are computer models slightly different?
They use computer terms like storage for memory and CPU for brain.
Why are models good and bad?
Adv: very helpful in developing AI
Disasv: machine reductionism oversimplifying
What is a schema?
A schema is a mental framework of beliefs and expectations.
Like a spiderweb 🕸️
How are schemas helpful and unhelpful?
Helpful to make sense of the world using shortcuts
Unhelpful as provides bias (racism) and generalisation
How was cognitive neuroscience born from biological and cognitive?
The scientific study of the influence of brain structure on mental processes
What do they use to probe your brain?
MRI = magnetic resonance imaging
PET = positron emission tomography
Why is cognitive approach good?
VERY SCIENTIFIC
Real world application - improving eye witness testimony
Why is cognitive approach bad?
Ignores emotional and social factors of behaviour
Says how we think but not why
Low ecological validity
What is the most scientific approach?
Biological!!
What is the biological bible?
The influence of :
Genes
Biological Structures
Neurochemistry
Give an example of a neurochemical?
Melatonin = pineal gland and regulates sleep 💤
Why are biological psychologists weirdly interested with IDENTICAL TWINS?
Twin studies are useful studying genetics as they have the same genetic makeup
What is a concordance rating?
Degree of similarity between individuals on a characteristic
What is the genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = entire genetic makeup
Phenotype = genotype plus environmental factors
How is the biological approach good?
VERY SCIENTIFIC using machines
Drug therapy like antidepressants help symptoms
How is the biological approach bad?
Biological / hard determinism
No free will so cannot blame behaviours
