Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Research methods and approaches > Flashcards

Research methods and approaches Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What should you include in a 19 marker?

A

IV, DV (covariables), Hypothesis, Null hypothesis, Method, Sampling method, Participants, Design, Materials, Ethics, Procedure, Data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is nominal and your design is independent measures?

A

Chi squared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is ordinal and your design is independent measures?

A

Mann Whitney U.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is nominal and your design is repeated measures or matched pairs?

A

Sign.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is nominal and your method is a correlation?

A

Chi squared.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is ordinal and your design is matched pairs or repeated measures?

A

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is ordinal and your method is a correlation?

A

Spearman’s Rank.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What AS studies are part of the social approach? (3)

A

Milgram, Piliavin, Reicher and Haslam.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What A2 studies are part of the social approach? (4)

A

Farrington, Sutherland, Wikstrom and Tafel, Gudjonsson and Bownes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three assumptions in the social approach?

A
  1. All behaviour occurs in a social context even when no one is physically present.
  2. Other people and society have a major influence on people’s thought processes and behaviour.
  3. Situational factors affect an individual’s behaviour.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 3 strengths of the social approach and the studies that support them.

A
  1. Can explain phenomenons. (Milgram)
  2. Can explain prejudice and discrimination. (Piliavin)
  3. It uses scientific methods to conduct research. (Wikstrom)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 3 weaknesses of the social approach and the studies that support them.

A
  1. Provides superficial snapshots of behaviour and not behaviour over time. (Piliavin)
  2. Unrepresentative samples. (Gudjonsson and Bownes)
  3. Conducted in labs and lack EV. (Milgram)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the cognitive approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use lab- Milgram and Loftus. Both lack EV- Milgram and Loftus.
Differences: Cognitive is only internal processes so you can’t infer cause and effect- Gudjonsson. Social looks at behaviour and social contexts so you can infer cause and effect- Juby and Farrington.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the individual differences approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: They both explain differences in behaviour- Gudjonsson and Griffiths.
Differences: Social studies how groups behave- Juby and Farrington. ID looks at the individual- Thigpen and Cleckley.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the developmental approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use unrepresentative samples- Gudjonsson and Freud.
Differences: Social is usually in a lab- Juby and Farrington. Developmental is usually field- Freud.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the biological approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use labs and lack EV- Raine and Milgram.
Differences: Biological is nature- Raine. Social is both- Wikstrom. Biological is reductionist- Maguire. Social isn’t- Wikstrom and Tafel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the psychodynamic approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Unrepresentative- Thigpen and Cleckley and Sutherland.
Differences: Psychodynamic uses qualitative- T+C. Social doesn’t- G+B.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the behavioural approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use lab and lack EV- McGrath and Milgram.
Differences- Behaviourist uses animals- Seligman. Social doesn’t- Juby. Social is snapshot- G+B. Behaviourist isn’t- McGrath.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What AS studies are part of the cognitive approach? (2)

A

Loftus and Palmer, Baron-Cohen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What A2 studies are part of the cognitive approach? (10)

A

Beck, Alloy, Elkin, HBM, Rotter, Bandura, Kohlberg, Yochelson, Loftus, Geisalman.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the two assumptions in the cognitive approach?

A

Behaviour can be explained in terms of how the mind operates.
The mind works like a computer; inputting and storing data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name 2 strengths of the cognitive approach with studies to support them.

A
  1. Scientific methods (Beck)

2. Useful applications (HBM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name 3 weaknesses of the cognitive approach with studies to support them.

A
  1. Reductionist (Beck)
  2. Deterministic (Rotter)
  3. Lacks EV (Baron-Cohen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the cognitive and the individual differences approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both have useful research- Thigpen and Cleckley (MPD) and Beck (CBT)
Differences: Cognitive approach is more scientific- Beck and Thigpen and Cleckley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the cognitive and the developmental approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Small samples- Beck and Kohlberg
Differences: Quant/qual- Gudjonsson and Bownes and Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the cognitive and the physiological approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use lab- Beck and Karp and Frank
Differences: Cognitive is based on internal processes- Yochelson whereas physiological is based on chemical processes- Raine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the cognitive and the psychodynamic approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Small samples- Thigpen and Cleckley and Beck
Differences: Quant/qual- Gudjonsson and Bownes and Thigpen and Cleckley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the cognitive and the behavioural approach?

A

Similarities: Both lack EV- Loftus and Watson and Rayner
Differences: Cognitive is based on internal processes- Yochelson whereas behaviourist is based on stimuli- McGrath

29
Q

What AS studies are in the individual differences approach? (3)

A

Thigpen and Cleckley, Rosenhan, Griffiths

30
Q

What A2 studies are in the individual differences approach? (3)

A

The DSM, Rosenhan and Seligman and Widiger

31
Q

Name 2 assumptions of the individual differences approach.

A
  1. Behaviour that deviates from the norm is considered abnormal
  2. Focuses on unique characteristics of the individual.
32
Q

Name 2 strengths of the individual differences approach. With studies to support.

A
  1. Reduces prejudice and discrimination- Rosenhan

2. Helps us to understand the causes for psychological disorders- DSM

33
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of the individual differences approach. With studies to support.

A
  1. Small samples- Thigpen and Cleckley

2. Ethical problems leading to exploitation- Thigpen and Cleckley.

34
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the individual differences and the developmental approach? With studies to support

A

Similarities: Ethical problems- Bandura and Rosenhan
Differences: Developmental can be deterministic- Kohlberg whereas individual differences isn’t- Thigpen and Cleckley

35
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the individual differences and the physiological approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Practical applications to treat disorders- Thigpen and Cleckley and Raine
Differences: Nature vs nature or nurture- Raine and Rosenhan and Seligman.

36
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the individual differences and the psychodynamic approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Ethnocentric- Rosenhan and Thigpen and Cleckley
Differences: Individual differences is useful- Ford and Widiger whereas psychodynamic isn’t- Thigpen and Cleckley

37
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the individual differences and the behavioural approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Not generalisable due to rare samples- Thigpen and Cleckley and Watson and Rayner
Differences: Behaviourist is only environmental effects- McGrath whereas individual differences is situational and dispositional- Rosenhan and Seligman

38
Q

What AS studies are in the developmental approach? (3)

A

Samuel and Bryant
Freud
Bandura

39
Q

What A2 studies are in the developmental approach? (2)

A

Kohlberg, Juby and Farrington

40
Q

Name 2 assumptions of the developmental approach.

A
  1. Behaviour in adulthood is affected by childhood experiences
  2. Development changes are due to nature (puberty) and nurture (experiences)
41
Q

Name 2 strengths of the developmental approach. With studies to support.

A

Allows us to understand the effects of childhood- Bandura
Contributes to our understanding of the nature nurture debate- Freud
Allows us to measure behaviour over time- Kohlberg

42
Q

Name 3 weaknesses of the developmental approach. With studies to support.

A

Mainly qualitative data so can be susceptible to bias- Freud
Deterministic as it says childhood will affect adulthood- Bandura
May lack generalisability- Samuel and Bryant
Problems with attrition and resources due to longitudinal studies- Kohlberg

43
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the developmental and the biological approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Small samples- Freud and Lustman
Differences: Developmental only uses children- Samuel and Bryant whereas biological doesn’t- Raine

44
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the developmental and the psychodynamic approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both assume that childhood experiences affect adulthood- Bandura and Thigpen and Cleckley
Differences: Psychodynamic can be qualitative- Dement and Kleitman whereas developmental tends to be quantitative- Samuel and Bryant

45
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the developmental and the behavioural approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Deterministic- Bandura and McGrath
Differences: Behaviourist can use animals- Seligman whereas developmental doesn’t- Bandura

46
Q

What AS studies are in the physiological/biological approach? (3)

A

Maguire
Dement and Kleitman
Sperry

47
Q

What A2 studies are in the biological approach? (8)

A

Lustman, Gottesman and Shields, Karp and Frank, Wender, Raine, Brunner, Daly and Wilson, Wheatley.

48
Q

Name 2 assumptions of the biological approach.

A

All that is psychological is physiological

All behaviour has a genetic basis

49
Q

Name 2 strengths of the biological approach. With studies to support.

A

It is scientific- Raine
It provides evidence for the nature debate- Karp and Frank
Helps us to test behaviour that can’t be tested in any other way- Dement and Kleitman

50
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of the biological approach. With studies to support.

A

Reductionist- Raine

Doesn’t explain how the mind and body interact- Lustman

51
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the biological and the psychodynamic approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Common ground in the development of treatments for psychological disorders- Karp and Frank and Thigpen and Cleckley
Differences: Biological is quantitative- Lustman whereas psychodynamic isn’t- Thigpen and Cleckley

52
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the biological and the behavioural approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use labs- Raine and Watson and Rayner
Differences: Biological is based on chemical interactions- Raine whereas behavioural is based on a stimulus and a response- Watson and Rayner

53
Q

What AS studies are in the psychodynamic approach? (4)

A

Thigpen and Cleckley
Dement and Kleitman
Freud

54
Q

What A2 studies are in the psychodynamic approach? (1)

A

Watson and Rayner

55
Q

Describe 2 assumptions of the psychodynamic perspective.

A

Different areas of the mind are in constant conflict
The mind is split into 3, the conscious,the preconscious and the unconscious
Early experiences shape personality and relationships

56
Q

Name 2 strengths of the psychodynamic perspective. With studies to support.

A

Qualitative data- Freud

It allows us to recognise that childhood is a critical period in our lives- Watson and Rayner

57
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of the psychodynamic perspective. With studies to support.

A

Non-generalisable samples- Watson and Rayner

Deterministic- Watson and Rayner

58
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the psychodynamic perspective and the behaviourist perspective? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both are deterministic- Freud and Watson and Rayner
Differences: Behavioural uses animals- Seligman whereas psychodynamic doesn’t- Freud

59
Q

What AS studies are in the behaviourist approach? (1)

A

Bandura

60
Q

What A2 studies are in the behaviourist perspective?

A

Watt, Watson and Rayner, McGrath, Seligman, Lewinsohn, Farrington and Joliffe and Ireland

61
Q

Name 2 assumptions from the behaviourist perspective.

A

The majority of behaviour is learnt after birth

Behaviour is determined by the environment

62
Q

Name 2 strengths of the behaviourist perspective. With studies to support.

A

Reliability- McGrath

Practical applications- Watt

63
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of the behaviourist perspective. With studies to support.

A

Uses animals- Seligman

Deterministic- McGrath

64
Q

Name an argument for and against nature. With studies to support.

A

Helps us to find the organic causes for human phenomenon- Raine
Reductionist- Raine

65
Q

Name an argument for and against nurture. With studies to support.

A

Holistic- McGrath

Not all behaviour is nurture- Gottesman and Shields

66
Q

Name an argument for and against ethnocentrism. With studies to support.

A

All humans are similar- Piliavin

It would be more credible if we looked at everyone- Milgram

67
Q

What makes something valid?

A 
Ecological validity
Lack of demand characteristics
Temporal validity
Experimental validity
Lack of social desirability
Qualitative data
68
Q

What makes something reliable?

A

Quantitative data
Standardised method
Replicable
Control

69
Q

What is a type 1 and type 2 error?

A

Type 1: False positive, when you reject the null hypothesis but you should accept it.
Type 2: False negative, you accept the null when you shouldn’t

Psychology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions