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Research methods and approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What should you include in a 19 marker?

A

IV, DV (covariables), Hypothesis, Null hypothesis, Method, Sampling method, Participants, Design, Materials, Ethics, Procedure, Data.

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2
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is nominal and your design is independent measures?

A

Chi squared.

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3
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is ordinal and your design is independent measures?

A

Mann Whitney U.

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4
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is nominal and your design is repeated measures or matched pairs?

A

Sign.

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5
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is nominal and your method is a correlation?

A

Chi squared.

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6
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is ordinal and your design is matched pairs or repeated measures?

A

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks.

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7
Q

What inferential statistic would you use when your data is ordinal and your method is a correlation?

A

Spearman’s Rank.

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8
Q

What AS studies are part of the social approach? (3)

A

Milgram, Piliavin, Reicher and Haslam.

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9
Q

What A2 studies are part of the social approach? (4)

A

Farrington, Sutherland, Wikstrom and Tafel, Gudjonsson and Bownes.

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10
Q

What are the three assumptions in the social approach?

A
  1. All behaviour occurs in a social context even when no one is physically present.
  2. Other people and society have a major influence on people’s thought processes and behaviour.
  3. Situational factors affect an individual’s behaviour.
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11
Q

Name 3 strengths of the social approach and the studies that support them.

A
  1. Can explain phenomenons. (Milgram)
  2. Can explain prejudice and discrimination. (Piliavin)
  3. It uses scientific methods to conduct research. (Wikstrom)
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12
Q

Name 3 weaknesses of the social approach and the studies that support them.

A
  1. Provides superficial snapshots of behaviour and not behaviour over time. (Piliavin)
  2. Unrepresentative samples. (Gudjonsson and Bownes)
  3. Conducted in labs and lack EV. (Milgram)
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13
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the cognitive approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use lab- Milgram and Loftus. Both lack EV- Milgram and Loftus.
Differences: Cognitive is only internal processes so you can’t infer cause and effect- Gudjonsson. Social looks at behaviour and social contexts so you can infer cause and effect- Juby and Farrington.

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14
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the individual differences approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: They both explain differences in behaviour- Gudjonsson and Griffiths.
Differences: Social studies how groups behave- Juby and Farrington. ID looks at the individual- Thigpen and Cleckley.

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15
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the developmental approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use unrepresentative samples- Gudjonsson and Freud.
Differences: Social is usually in a lab- Juby and Farrington. Developmental is usually field- Freud.

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16
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the biological approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use labs and lack EV- Raine and Milgram.
Differences: Biological is nature- Raine. Social is both- Wikstrom. Biological is reductionist- Maguire. Social isn’t- Wikstrom and Tafel.

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17
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the psychodynamic approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Unrepresentative- Thigpen and Cleckley and Sutherland.
Differences: Psychodynamic uses qualitative- T+C. Social doesn’t- G+B.

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18
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the social and the behavioural approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use lab and lack EV- McGrath and Milgram.
Differences- Behaviourist uses animals- Seligman. Social doesn’t- Juby. Social is snapshot- G+B. Behaviourist isn’t- McGrath.

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19
Q

What AS studies are part of the cognitive approach? (2)

A

Loftus and Palmer, Baron-Cohen.

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20
Q

What A2 studies are part of the cognitive approach? (10)

A

Beck, Alloy, Elkin, HBM, Rotter, Bandura, Kohlberg, Yochelson, Loftus, Geisalman.

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21
Q

What are the two assumptions in the cognitive approach?

A

Behaviour can be explained in terms of how the mind operates.
The mind works like a computer; inputting and storing data.

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22
Q

Name 2 strengths of the cognitive approach with studies to support them.

A
  1. Scientific methods (Beck)

2. Useful applications (HBM)

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23
Q

Name 3 weaknesses of the cognitive approach with studies to support them.

A
  1. Reductionist (Beck)
  2. Deterministic (Rotter)
  3. Lacks EV (Baron-Cohen)
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24
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the cognitive and the individual differences approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both have useful research- Thigpen and Cleckley (MPD) and Beck (CBT)
Differences: Cognitive approach is more scientific- Beck and Thigpen and Cleckley

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25
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the cognitive and the developmental approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Small samples- Beck and Kohlberg
Differences: Quant/qual- Gudjonsson and Bownes and Freud

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26
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the cognitive and the physiological approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use lab- Beck and Karp and Frank
Differences: Cognitive is based on internal processes- Yochelson whereas physiological is based on chemical processes- Raine

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27
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the cognitive and the psychodynamic approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Small samples- Thigpen and Cleckley and Beck
Differences: Quant/qual- Gudjonsson and Bownes and Thigpen and Cleckley

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28
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the cognitive and the behavioural approach?

A

Similarities: Both lack EV- Loftus and Watson and Rayner
Differences: Cognitive is based on internal processes- Yochelson whereas behaviourist is based on stimuli- McGrath

29
Q

What AS studies are in the individual differences approach? (3)

A

Thigpen and Cleckley, Rosenhan, Griffiths

30
Q

What A2 studies are in the individual differences approach? (3)

A

The DSM, Rosenhan and Seligman and Widiger

31
Q

Name 2 assumptions of the individual differences approach.

A
  1. Behaviour that deviates from the norm is considered abnormal
  2. Focuses on unique characteristics of the individual.
32
Q

Name 2 strengths of the individual differences approach. With studies to support.

A
  1. Reduces prejudice and discrimination- Rosenhan

2. Helps us to understand the causes for psychological disorders- DSM

33
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of the individual differences approach. With studies to support.

A
  1. Small samples- Thigpen and Cleckley

2. Ethical problems leading to exploitation- Thigpen and Cleckley.

34
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the individual differences and the developmental approach? With studies to support

A

Similarities: Ethical problems- Bandura and Rosenhan
Differences: Developmental can be deterministic- Kohlberg whereas individual differences isn’t- Thigpen and Cleckley

35
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the individual differences and the physiological approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Practical applications to treat disorders- Thigpen and Cleckley and Raine
Differences: Nature vs nature or nurture- Raine and Rosenhan and Seligman.

36
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the individual differences and the psychodynamic approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Ethnocentric- Rosenhan and Thigpen and Cleckley
Differences: Individual differences is useful- Ford and Widiger whereas psychodynamic isn’t- Thigpen and Cleckley

37
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the individual differences and the behavioural approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Not generalisable due to rare samples- Thigpen and Cleckley and Watson and Rayner
Differences: Behaviourist is only environmental effects- McGrath whereas individual differences is situational and dispositional- Rosenhan and Seligman

38
Q

What AS studies are in the developmental approach? (3)

A

Samuel and Bryant
Freud
Bandura

39
Q

What A2 studies are in the developmental approach? (2)

A

Kohlberg, Juby and Farrington

40
Q

Name 2 assumptions of the developmental approach.

A
  1. Behaviour in adulthood is affected by childhood experiences
  2. Development changes are due to nature (puberty) and nurture (experiences)
41
Q

Name 2 strengths of the developmental approach. With studies to support.

A

Allows us to understand the effects of childhood- Bandura
Contributes to our understanding of the nature nurture debate- Freud
Allows us to measure behaviour over time- Kohlberg

42
Q

Name 3 weaknesses of the developmental approach. With studies to support.

A

Mainly qualitative data so can be susceptible to bias- Freud
Deterministic as it says childhood will affect adulthood- Bandura
May lack generalisability- Samuel and Bryant
Problems with attrition and resources due to longitudinal studies- Kohlberg

43
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the developmental and the biological approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Small samples- Freud and Lustman
Differences: Developmental only uses children- Samuel and Bryant whereas biological doesn’t- Raine

44
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the developmental and the psychodynamic approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both assume that childhood experiences affect adulthood- Bandura and Thigpen and Cleckley
Differences: Psychodynamic can be qualitative- Dement and Kleitman whereas developmental tends to be quantitative- Samuel and Bryant

45
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the developmental and the behavioural approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Deterministic- Bandura and McGrath
Differences: Behaviourist can use animals- Seligman whereas developmental doesn’t- Bandura

46
Q

What AS studies are in the physiological/biological approach? (3)

A

Maguire
Dement and Kleitman
Sperry

47
Q

What A2 studies are in the biological approach? (8)

A

Lustman, Gottesman and Shields, Karp and Frank, Wender, Raine, Brunner, Daly and Wilson, Wheatley.

48
Q

Name 2 assumptions of the biological approach.

A

All that is psychological is physiological

All behaviour has a genetic basis

49
Q

Name 2 strengths of the biological approach. With studies to support.

A

It is scientific- Raine
It provides evidence for the nature debate- Karp and Frank
Helps us to test behaviour that can’t be tested in any other way- Dement and Kleitman

50
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of the biological approach. With studies to support.

A

Reductionist- Raine

Doesn’t explain how the mind and body interact- Lustman

51
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the biological and the psychodynamic approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Common ground in the development of treatments for psychological disorders- Karp and Frank and Thigpen and Cleckley
Differences: Biological is quantitative- Lustman whereas psychodynamic isn’t- Thigpen and Cleckley

52
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the biological and the behavioural approach? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both use labs- Raine and Watson and Rayner
Differences: Biological is based on chemical interactions- Raine whereas behavioural is based on a stimulus and a response- Watson and Rayner

53
Q

What AS studies are in the psychodynamic approach? (4)

A

Thigpen and Cleckley
Dement and Kleitman
Freud

54
Q

What A2 studies are in the psychodynamic approach? (1)

A

Watson and Rayner

55
Q

Describe 2 assumptions of the psychodynamic perspective.

A

Different areas of the mind are in constant conflict
The mind is split into 3, the conscious,the preconscious and the unconscious
Early experiences shape personality and relationships

56
Q

Name 2 strengths of the psychodynamic perspective. With studies to support.

A

Qualitative data- Freud

It allows us to recognise that childhood is a critical period in our lives- Watson and Rayner

57
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of the psychodynamic perspective. With studies to support.

A

Non-generalisable samples- Watson and Rayner

Deterministic- Watson and Rayner

58
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the psychodynamic perspective and the behaviourist perspective? With studies to support.

A

Similarities: Both are deterministic- Freud and Watson and Rayner
Differences: Behavioural uses animals- Seligman whereas psychodynamic doesn’t- Freud

59
Q

What AS studies are in the behaviourist approach? (1)

A

Bandura

60
Q

What A2 studies are in the behaviourist perspective?

A

Watt, Watson and Rayner, McGrath, Seligman, Lewinsohn, Farrington and Joliffe and Ireland

61
Q

Name 2 assumptions from the behaviourist perspective.

A

The majority of behaviour is learnt after birth

Behaviour is determined by the environment

62
Q

Name 2 strengths of the behaviourist perspective. With studies to support.

A

Reliability- McGrath

Practical applications- Watt

63
Q

Name 2 weaknesses of the behaviourist perspective. With studies to support.

A

Uses animals- Seligman

Deterministic- McGrath

64
Q

Name an argument for and against nature. With studies to support.

A

Helps us to find the organic causes for human phenomenon- Raine
Reductionist- Raine

65
Q

Name an argument for and against nurture. With studies to support.

A

Holistic- McGrath

Not all behaviour is nurture- Gottesman and Shields

66
Q

Name an argument for and against ethnocentrism. With studies to support.

A

All humans are similar- Piliavin

It would be more credible if we looked at everyone- Milgram

67
Q

What makes something valid?

A 
Ecological validity
Lack of demand characteristics
Temporal validity
Experimental validity
Lack of social desirability
Qualitative data
68
Q

What makes something reliable?

A

Quantitative data
Standardised method
Replicable
Control

69
Q

What is a type 1 and type 2 error?

A

Type 1: False positive, when you reject the null hypothesis but you should accept it.
Type 2: False negative, you accept the null when you shouldn’t

Psychology (8 decks)

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