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Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Define anxiety disorder.

A

When you have a continuous feeling of fear which is disabling daily functioning.

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2
Q

Give 4 examples of anxiety disorders.

A

Panic disorders, OCD, Phobias and Post traumatic stress disorders

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3
Q

Define phobia

A

A persistent fear of a particular object or situation.

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4
Q

Name some physical symptoms of a phobia.

A

Panic attack, shortness of breath, palpitations, intense terror

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5
Q

Name 3 out of 6 symptoms of a phobia that are listed in the DSM.

A
  1. Unreasonable, persistent fear
  2. The phobic stimulus provokes an immediate anxiety response
  3. The person recognises the fear as excessive
  4. The phobic situation is avoided
  5. The phobia disrupts normal life
  6. The phobia has lasted more than 6 months
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6
Q

Name 2 out of 3 symptoms of a phobia that are listed in the ICD.

A
  1. The psychological and autonomic symptoms must be primary manifestations of anxiety
  2. The anxiety must be restricted to the phobic object
  3. The phobic situation is avoided wherever possible
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7
Q

Define affective disorder.

A

Disabling moods that prevent the individual from leading a normal life either in a work setting or a family one.

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of an affective disorder.

A

Bipolar and depression

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9
Q

Name 5 out of 7 symptoms of depression that are listed in the DSM. You need 5 or more to be diagnosed

A
  1. Insomnia
  2. Fidgeting
  3. Tiredness
  4. Feeling worthless
  5. Less ability to concentrate
  6. Recurring thoughts of death
  7. No situations/ medications/ bereavements are causing these symptoms
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10
Q

Name 8 out of 11 symptoms of depression that are listed in the ICD.

A
  1. Depressed mood
  2. Loss of interest
  3. Reduced energy
  4. Tiredness after slight effort
  5. Reduced concentration
  6. Reduced self esteem
  7. Feeling worthless
  8. Pessimistic views of the future
  9. Ideas/acts of self harm
  10. Disturbed sleep
  11. Reduced appetite
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11
Q

Symptoms of depression can be split up into 3 sub topics, what are they?

A

Emotional symptoms
Cognitive symptoms
Physiological/ behaioural symptoms

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12
Q

Name 5 out of 8 types of depression

A
  1. Seasonal
  2. Post-partum
  3. Bipolar
  4. Catatonic
  5. Atypical
  6. Psychotic
  7. Melancholic
  8. Dysthymia
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13
Q

Define psychotic disorder

A

The loss of contact with reality which can lead to withdrawal from the outside world.

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14
Q

Give 1 example of a psychotic disorder

A

Schizophrenia

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15
Q

There are 2 types of symptoms for schizophrenia, what are they?

A

Positive and negative symptoms

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16
Q

What is a positive symptom?

What is a negative symptom?

A

A characteristic that you gain

A characteristic that you lose

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17
Q

Name 3 positive symptoms for schizophrenia.

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Auditory hallucinations
  3. Disorganised speech
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18
Q

Name 3 negative symptoms for schizophrenia.

A
  1. Losing emotional responses
  2. Anhedonia
  3. Lack of motivation
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19
Q

Name 4 out of 5 symptoms of schizophrenia listed in the DSM. You need 2 or more symptoms to be diagnosed and you have to have symptom number 5.

A
  1. Delusions
  2. Hallucinations
  3. Disorganised speech
  4. Negative symptoms
  5. Social occupational dysfunction for at least 6 months
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20
Q

Name 6 out of 8 symptoms of schizophrenia listed in the ICD

A
  1. Thought echo
  2. Delusions
  3. Hallucinatory voices
  4. Persistent delusions
  5. Persistent hallucinations
  6. Irrelevant speech
  7. Catatonic behaviour
  8. Negative symptoms
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21
Q

What approach does Seligman’s study support?

A

Behavioural approach

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22
Q

How does Seligman’s study support the behavioural approach?

A

It shows that depression/ learned helplessness can be learnt through conditioning. The dog wasn’t positively reinforced when it jumped from section A to B so it gained depression and gave up. This is operant conditioning. They also realised their behaviour wasn’t associated with the outcome. This is classical conditioning.

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23
Q

How long did it take for the dogs to learn learned helplessness after being unable to escape from electric shocks?

A

24 hours

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24
Q

Name the 3 symptoms that the dogs gained when they had learned helplessness.

A
  1. Not trying to escape
  2. Passively enduring the shocks
  3. Not following one escape with another
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25
Q

Why did they dogs learn learned helplessness?

A

They learnt it because they realised that their responses weren’t associated with the outcome.

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26
Q

What did Seligman do after the dog study?

A

He related the study to humans with depression because the core depressive symptom is that whatever you do, nothing will change.

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27
Q

Name 6 symptoms that are present in both depression and learned helplessness.

A 
Passivity
Lowered aggression
Loss of appetite
Feelings of helplessness
Negative expectations
Depletion of catecholamine chemicals
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28
Q

Other than symptoms, what are the similarities between learned helplessness and depression? (2)

A

The causes were the same: Uncontrollable negative events

The treatments were the same: Electro-convulsive shock therapy and antidepressants

29
Q

What did Seligman conclude from his study?

A

Depression can be seen as a manifestation of learned helplessness

30
Q

Evaluate Seligman’s study. 3 things

A

1/3 of dogs didn’t develop learned helplessness so it’s not just behavioural factors that cause it
Not reductionist as it includes cognitive and physiological elements
Hiroto’s follow up study showed that humans can learn learned helplessness as well. He did a similar experiment but with a loud noise and a handle

31
Q

What approach is Wender’s study in?

A

The biological approach

32
Q

How does Wender’s study support the biological approach?

A

Because it shows that genetic disposition can cause depression as it was more common in biological relatives than adoptive relatives

33
Q

What is the context of Wender’s study?

A

There have been previous studies on ‘tainted blood’. For example, the Tennysons. 9 of Alfred Tennyson’s relatives had bipolar depression and insanity.

34
Q

What is the aim of Wender’s study?

A

To investigate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors in the causation of mood disorders.

35
Q

Who were the participants in Wender’s study? Including the control group.

A

Adoptive and biological relatives of 71 adult adoptees. (So there adoptive family and there biological one). The adoptees had mood disorders. The control group was 71 adult adoptees who were psychologically normal.

36
Q

What was the procedure in Wender’s study?

A

The participants’ families had psychiatric evaluations by independent blind diagnoses in a mental hospital

37
Q

What were the results of Wender’s study? 2 things

A

There was an 8 fold increase in unipolar depression among biological relatives.
There was a 15 fold increase in suicide among the biological relatives

38
Q

What did Wender conclude?

A

That there was a significant link between unipolar depression and suicide.

39
Q

Evaluate Wender’s study. 5 things.

A
  1. Small sample so it’s not generalisable
  2. Ethnocentric sample as they were all Danish
  3. Control group isolates the variable.
  4. The experiment doesn’t control for environmental factors like poverty so can’t infer cause and effect
  5. As it ignores environmental factors, it is reductionist
40
Q

What approach does Alloy’s study support?

A

The cognitive approach

41
Q

How does Alloy’s study support the cognitive approach?

A

It shows that depression is linked to negative thinking because of various attributions they may have

42
Q

What is the context of Alloy’s study?

A

There negative attributions can lead to negative thinking.
There are many attributions linked with negative thinking: Internal (blame everything on yourself), stable (it always happens) and global (everything always goes wrong).

43
Q

What was the aim of Alloy’s study?

A

To investigate a correlation between thinking patterns and depression.

44
Q

What was the method of Alloy’s study?

A

Longitudinal self report.

45
Q

Who were the participants in Alloy’s study?

A

American students

46
Q

What was the procedure of Alloy’s study?

A

A cognitive attitude questionnaire was given to 5000 students. From the response rate, more than half had negative thinking (619 of them) and they were placed in a high risk group the rest in a low risk group. They were monitored for 6 years

47
Q

What were the results of Alloy’s study?

A

17% in the high risk group developed depression

1% in the low risk group developed depression

48
Q

What did Alloy conclude?

A

Negative thinking is positively correlated with depression.

49
Q

Evaluate Alloy’s study. 4 things.

A
  1. You can’t infer cause and effect because other factors may have caused depression
  2. Longitudinal so you can get detailed data and monitor change over time
  3. High attrition rate
  4. Useful for therapies treating depression
50
Q

What approach does Lewinsohn’s study support?

A

The behaviourist approach

51
Q

How does Lewinsohn’s study support the behaviourist approach?

A

Because it shows that depressed behaviours are learned and can therefore be unlearned via therapy and operant conditioning

52
Q

What is the aim of Lewinsohn’s study?

A

To evaluate the efficacy of a coping with depression course

53
Q

What is the method and design of Lewinsohn’s study?

A

Method: longitudinal
Design: independent measures

54
Q

Who were the participants in Lewinsohn’s study?

A

69 adolescents with depression aged 15 to 18 recruited via letters to schools. From Oregon

55
Q

How many participants withdrew from Lewinsohn’s study?

A

10

56
Q

How many groups were there in Lewinsohn’s study? What were the groups?

A

3
Adolescents receiving the course
Adolescents and parents receiving a course
No course/ on the waiting list

57
Q

What was the procedure of Lewinsohn’s study? Name 4 out of 6 things

A

Participants had interviews before and after the study.
They had an interview 1, 6, 12 and 24 months afterwards
The participants on the waiting list received treatment after the study.
The therapists had detailed manuals and the participants received homework
The parents were taught how to reinforce positive behaviour in their children
The adolescents with treatment had 14, 3 hour sessions over 7 weeks where they had skills training and were taught relaxation methods and conflict resolution skills

58
Q

What were the findings of Lewinsohn’s study? Name 2 out of 4 things

A

Only 52% of group 2 still met the criteria for depression
57% of group 1 still did
94.7% of group 3 did
At follow ups, the participant’s in the treatment groups showed less and less signs of depression

59
Q

What did Lewinsohn conclude?

A

The coping with depression course was effective because it reinforced changes in negative behaviour and changed faulty thinking to normal thinking.

60
Q

Evaluate Lewinsohn’s study.

A

Holistic as it includes social, behavioural and cognitive factors
Ethical and therefore replicable
Ecologically valid
Therefore is follow up research that supports it.

61
Q

What approach does Elkin’s study support?

A

Cognitive approach

62
Q

How does Elkin’s study support the cognitive approach?

A

Because it shows that cognitive treatments, e.g. CBT, are effective when treating depression

63
Q

What is the context of Elkin’s study?

A

That there are many treatments for depression. Some of these treatments are cognitive. For example cognitive behavioural treatments aim to change faulty thought patterns into normal ones.

64
Q

What was the aim of Elkin’s study?

A

To see whether there was any significant difference in the effectiveness of treatments for depression.

65
Q

Who were the participants in Elkin’s study?

A

250 patients with depression from treatment centres in Pittsburg, Washington DC and Oklahoma city. The participants had no other disorders, e.g. alcoholism, drug use, bipolar etc and they weren’t suicidal.

66
Q

What is the procedure of Elkin’s study? Name 4 out of 5 things

A

The participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups: CBT, IPT, imipramine+clinical management, placebo+clinical management
Clinical management is a minimal support therapy but it was needed to keep the study ethical
28 therapists took part with clinical experience
The treatments lasted 16 weeks
The patients were carefully monitored before, during and after the study. They were monitored for: symptoms, life functioning and functioning related to treatment

67
Q

What were the results of Elkin’s study? Name 4 out of 6 things

A

There was no significant difference between the 2 therapies
There was no significant difference between the therapies and the drug treatment
The three treatments showed equal levels of success and were superior to the placebo group
The placebo group still showed significant improvements
Imipramine worked faster but the therapies caught up
After the study 20-30% of participants remained symptom free

68
Q

Evaluate Elkin’s study. 3 things

A

Holistic as there was biological, behavioural and cognitive treatments involved
Large sample so generalisable
Valid as there was therapy gathering qualitative data

Psychology (8 decks)

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