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After a guilty verdict Flashcards

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1
Q

What approach does Farrington an Joliffe’s study support?

A

The behaviourist approach

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2
Q

How does Farrington and Joliffe’s study support the behaviourist approach?

A

Because it shows that changing a criminal’s behaviour can help to reduce recidivism

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3
Q

What was the aim of Farrington and Joliffe’s study?

A

To evaluate two intensive regimes for young offenders based on behaviourist methods

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4
Q

What was the method and design of Farrington and Joliffe’s study?

A

Method: Field experiment
Design: Independent measures

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5
Q

Who were the participant’s in Farrington and Joliffe’s study?

A

They were young male offenders and they were an opportunity sample. They had about 6 months left to serve and each intervention group was compared to a control group, matched on similar profiles. The control group had no interventions

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6
Q

In Farrington and Joliffe’s study, how many participants were there in Thorn cross and in Colchester? (including control groups)

A

Thorn cross: 175
Control: 127
Colchester: 61
Control: 97

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7
Q

Describe the behavioural method at Thorn cross in Farrington and Joliffe’s study. 5 things

A 
It was a 16 hour day
They were taught basic classroom skills
They had vocational training
They were taught life and social skills
They received a community release work placement
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8
Q

Describe the behavioural method at Colchester in Farrington and Joliffe’s study.

A

It was based on military corrective training
Army and prison personnel ran the regime
There were three stages of training
They had a drilling routine and weren’t allowed TV but were gradually rewarded with increased privileges.

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9
Q

In Farrington and Joliffe’s study, how did they asses the impact of the interventions?

A

The participants underwent psychological tests and completed attitude surveys

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10
Q

What were the results of Farrington and Joliffe’s study?

A

In both Thorn cross and Colchester, there wasn’t any significant difference between the control group and the intervention group.
There was more improvement in time between reconviction rates between the control and intervention in Thorn cross, but the programme was more expensive
Reconviction rates in Colchester were lower: 44% compared to 65%

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11
Q

What did Farrington and Joliffe conclude?

A

That thorn cross was a greater success due to time between reconvictions and because the course saved money compared to usual cost of the prisoner.

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12
Q

Evaluate Farrington and Joliffe’s study. 4 out of 5 things

A

It has good applications when trying to reduce recidivism
Not ethical because some prisoners didn’t get to complete the scheme
Ethical because consent was gained and the results are confidential
Reliable due to quantitative data
Can’t infer cause and effect because it didn’t isolate the variable of the course

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13
Q

What is the context of Dooley’s study?

A

That there have always been many suicides in prison but the cause is unknown. Furthermore, there are a lot of suicides because not all suspected prisoners can be on suicide watch as it is extremely expensive

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14
Q

What was the aim of Dooley’s study?

A

To investigate all unnatural deaths that occurred in prisons in England and Wales between 1972 and 1987

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15
Q

What was the procedure of Dooley’s study?

A

It was a content analysis of Prison Department records. They had a checklist of social, psychiatric and forensic history which helped the analysis. Groups recorded as suicide were compared to groups not recorded as suicide

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16
Q

What were the results of Dooley’s study? 4 out of 5 things

A

300 deaths were recorded as suicide but 142 were recorded not as suicide.
The ‘not recorded as suicide’ cases recorded the deaths as ‘misadventure’ or ‘consciously self inflicted injury’
More of the suicide group were on remand
More of the CSI group were female
Most deaths occurred at night

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17
Q

What did Dooley conclude?

A

The increase in deaths in prison was attributed to over crowding and stress. But many prisoners may have had mental health issues

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18
Q

Evaluate Dooley’s study. 6 things

A

Large sample
Longitudinal
Ecological validity
Reliable- official stats were used
Ethnocentric- only English and Welsh prisons
Data on the suicides may be biased, affecting validity

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19
Q

How many parts to Haney and Zimbardo’s study are there?

A

2 parts

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20
Q

What are the two conflicting opinions on prison treatment?

A

Prisons should be harsh to act as a deterrent

Prisons should rehabilitate and be humane

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21
Q

What did Zimbardo hope when completing his original study?

A

He hoped the study would lead to an improvement in the American Penal system and the treatment of prisoners

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22
Q

What happened in part 1 of Haney and Zimbardo’s study?

A

There was racial bias towards prisoners and they blamed behaviour on dispositional factors not social explanations
A supermax cell was introduced for problem prisoners which is an example of a dispositional explanation of behaviour

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23
Q

How long was there between Zimbardo’s original study and the one in 1998?

A

25 years

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24
Q

What happened in part 2 of Haney and Zimbardo’s study? Name 4 out of 6 things

A

Improvements were suggested for prisons:
Prisons should be used sparingly, they should take individual differences into account, there needs to be rehabilitation programmes, prisoners should have assessments of situational factors and psychological ones, reform needs to come from people outside the prison system and conditions in prisons should be improved.

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25
Q

Evaluate Haney and Zimbardo’s study. 3 things

A

The data is reliable as official statistics were used
The data is useful for frameworks in prison reform
Second hand data

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26
Q

What is the context of Mair and May’s study?

A

Probation has been around for many years. Criminals on probation have to follow strict rules and it’s design to stop criminals reforming.

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27
Q

Name 3 things you must and must not do whilst on probation

A

Must: Stay out of trouble, let staff visit your home, be on time to appointments
Must not: Miss an appointment, upset people, turn up under the influence

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28
Q

What was the aim of Mair and May’s study?

A

To investigate the experience of offenders on probation in England and Wales

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29
Q

How many participants were in Mair and May’s study? Who were they?

A

3299 offenders from 22 different probation offices.

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30
Q

What percentage of people dropped out in Mair and May’s study? Why?

A

40% of participants because they went back to prison

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31
Q

In Mair and May’s study, what were the interviews like?

A

They were completed by independent researchers. Mainly closed questions, likert scales and multiple choices were used.

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32
Q

In Mair and May’s study, not all of the participants were interviewed. What did the ones that were interviewed say about their past?

A

Almost half had taken drugs in the past year and 80% had had previous convictions

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33
Q

What were the results of Mair and May’s study? Name 2 out of 3 things

A

47% said probation was useful
62% said their probation officer would help them
37% said probation would stop them reoffending

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34
Q

What did Mair and May conclude about their study?

A

That probation is seen as useful but many of the offenders would still reoffend, this could be due to other factors like socio-economic status etc

35
Q

Evaluate Mair and May’s study. 6 things

A

Large sample so generalisable
Reliable as the interviews were structured
High in ecological validity
Useful in showing how effective probation is
High attrition rate
Demand characteristics in the interviews

36
Q

What is the context of Sherman and Strang’s study?

A

That restorative justice is used in the UK. Restorative justice aims to enable the victims to feel justice for what has happened to them. This is done by getting the offender and the victim to talk directly to one another so that the victim can get an explanation for what happened and so that the offender can see the effects of their offence.

37
Q

What is the aim of Sherman and Strang’s study?

A

To look at restorative justice in practice and measure its effectiveness in terms of reoffending

38
Q

What was the procedure of Sherman and Strang’s study?

A

It was a content analysis of secondary data. The data gathered was from academic papers and was gathered through database searches. The various restorative justice studies were compared with the reoffending rates of the perpetrators involved.

39
Q

Sherman and Strang results: What were the results in terms of reoffending/justice for the victim? 3 things

A

Generally, it reduced reoffending
It reduced the victims’ post traumatic stress symptoms
It provided the victims with satisfaction

40
Q

Sherman and Strang results: What was the result in terms of violent crimes?

A

The result was that 6 rigorous field tests showed that restorative justice reduced recidivism in term of adult youth violence

41
Q

Sherman and Strang results: What were the results in terms of property crimes? What about in terms of victim benefits?

A

Property: 5 tests showed that restorative justice reduced recidivism after property crimes
Victim benefits: It reduced post traumatic stress disorder and reduced anger/need for revenge. Victims preferred restorative justice to criminal justice

42
Q

Sherman and Strang results: What were the results in terms of restorative justice versus prison? 2 things

A

Recidivism rates were the same when offenders had small sentences
Restorative justice is more effective when there’s a personal victim but it only works for property and violent crimes. For example, it wouldn’t be effective for rape victims

43
Q

What did Sherman and Strang conclude? 4 things

A

There is strong evidence that restorative justice is effective in some cases, especially for young, first time offenders.
Victims who receive restorative justice do better in terms of post traumatic stress than those who do not
Offenders commit fewer repeat crimes
Restorative justice never increased recidivism

44
Q

Evaluate Sherman and Strang’s study. 6 things

A

Large sample so generalisable
High in EV
Useful in showing how to reduce recidivism
Unreliable as it is secondary data
The original studies may be biased
There could have been bias in interpretation, reducing validity

45
Q

What is the context of Eberhardt’s study?

A

People in the USA with more stereotypically black features are more likely to receive the death sentence. This could be because the criminal justice system is dominated by white people or because the states with the death penalty are southern which is where discrimination was worse.

46
Q

What is the aim of Eberhardt’s study?

A

To investigate whether there was support for his hypothesis that black offenders with stereotypically black features are more likely to get the death sentence

47
Q

What was the procedure of Eberhardt’s study?

A

It was an analysis of the database of death-eligible cases in Philadelphia. 44 cases were used which were when a black man had killed a white victim. Naive raters from a variety of different ethnicities rated the black people’s stereotypically black features from 1-11.

48
Q

What were the results of Eberhardt’s study?

A

The most stereopically black offenders were 57.5% more likely to receive the death sentence than less stereotypically black offenders.
In a separate study, when the victim was black, no significant effect was found.

49
Q

What did Eberhardt conclude?

A

That stereotypically black offenders were more likely to get the death sentence

50
Q

Evaluate Eberhardt’s study. 6 things

A

Large sample so generalisable
Reliable as the cases were from a database and the study was completed in a lab
Useful for showing bias towards black people
High in EV
Not representative, participants were uni students
Demand characteristics

51
Q

What approach does Friendship’s study support?

A

Cognitive approach

52
Q

How does Friendship’s study support the cognitive approach?

A

Because it shows that cognitive skills programmes are an effective way to reduce recidivism

53
Q

What is a cognitive skills programme?

A

It’s a programme that aims to change the way offenders think before committing a crime, therefore changing the way they act. It is based on CBT.

54
Q

What is the aim of Friendship’s study?

A

To analyse the effects of CBT programmes on reconviction rates

55
Q

What is the method and design of Friendship’s study?

A

Quasi

Independent measures

56
Q

Describe the participants in Friendship’s study from both groups.

A

Treatment group: 670 adult male offenders. Volunteer. Have at least a 2 year sentence. They took part in one of two cognitive skills programmes. 10% dropped out
Comparison group: 1801 adult male offenders. Have at least a two year sentence. They had no treatment.

57
Q

In Friendships study, what were the 6 matching variables used to match the 2 groups together? Name 3.

A
  1. Offence
  2. Sentence length
  3. Age of discharge
  4. Year of discharge
  5. Number of previous convictions
  6. Probability of reconviction
58
Q

What was the procedure for the treatment group in Friendship’s study?

A

There was 2 cognitive skills programmes: reasoning and rehabilitation (R+R) and enhanced thinking skills (ETS)
R+R: 36 2 hour sessions. ETS: 20 2 hour sessions
The sessions focussed on: Self control, inter-personal problems, social perspective, critical reasoning and cognitive style.

59
Q

In Friendship’s study, why were the results for the 2 treatment programmes combined?

A

Because the programmes shared common features so the results should be similar.

60
Q

What were the results in Friendship’s study?

A

The offender group reconviction scale calculated reoffending probabilities. Their 2 year reconviction rates were compared to their probability. The treatment programmes resulted in a significant reduction in the predicted probabilities and reduced recidivism
The 2 groups were split into 4 categories: low risk, medium-low risk, medium-high risk and high risk. The logistic regression analysis was carried out to see the effect of various variables on reconviction. Variance in reconviction rates was due to these variables: treatment, risk score and sentence length.

61
Q

What was the IV and DV in Friendship’s study?

A

IV: Various variables like treatment type, risk score etc
DV: Reconviction rates

62
Q

What did Friendship conclude about his study?

A

CBT programmes reduce recidivism and they’re cost effective.

63
Q

Evaluate Friendship’s study. 5 things

A

High in EV
Reliable due to quantitative data and analysis of results
Good applications for reducing recidivism
Doesn’t infer cause and effect because genes/environment could be involved with recidivism
Not ethical as some prisoners didn’t get treatment

64
Q

What approach does Ireland’s study support?

A

The behaviourist approach

65
Q

How does Ireland’s study support the behavioural approach?

A

Because it shows that uncontrollable anger is a behaviour and can be unlearned via behaviourist techniques

66
Q

What is the context of Ireland’s study?

A

The context is that many prisoners have problems with controlling their anger which in turn leads to aggressive, violent behaviour. Prison staff need to find a way of controlling the prisoners’ anger and an effective way of doing this is via anger management courses. For example CALM

67
Q

What is the aim of Ireland’s study?

A

To analyse the effects of an anger management programme on the behaviour of young male offenders

68
Q

What is the hypothesis in Ireland’s study?

A

Prisoners completing the interventions would show significantly reduced observed and self reported anger after treatment

69
Q

What is the method and design of Ireland’s study?

A

Method: Retrospective quasi
Design: Independent measures

70
Q

Describe the participants in Ireland’s study. Detail

A

There was 2 groups and the participants were gathered via opportunity sampling.
Experimental group: 50 young male offenders who completed the anger management course
Control group: 37 young male offenders who were suitable for the course but hadn’t completed it.
The groups were similar in age and characteristics
Most of them had committed a violent or theft offence.

71
Q

What was the procedure of Ireland’s study? 4 key things

A

The participants were assessed two weeks before the course and the experimental group was assessed eight weeks after the course. After the course the control group remained on the waiting list.
Both groups were interviewed by a psychologist that used CBT techniques. The offenders were asked about their feelings of anger and whether they were ready for the course.
They were assessed for aggressive behaviour by prison staff that used the Wing behaviour checklist.
The Wakefield anger management course was based on CBT techniques and it consisted of 12 1 hour session over 3 days. The sessions addressed what triggered their anger and the consequences of this.
The prisoners had anger diaries and group discussions

72
Q

What were the results in Ireland’s study? Name 4 out of 5 things

A

The groups were compared on various variables (age, offence, anger measure) before the study but no significant differences were found.
The treatment group had lower self reported and observed (by prison staff) anger
There was a significant difference in anger behaviours according to the Wing behaviour checklist
There was a significant difference in self reported anger behaviours
92% showed improvement in at least one of the measures and 48% showed improvement in both.

73
Q

What did Ireland conclude from his study?

A

That brief anger interventions are effective in helping anger issues in young male offenders
The results supported the hypothesis

74
Q

Evaluate Ireland’s study

A

The study only showed short term effects of the anger interventions
High in EV
Reliable, quantitative data and checklists
Not generalisable
Not ethical
Useful in helping reduce anger issues in prison

75
Q

What approach does Wheatley’s study support?

A

The biological approach

76
Q

How does Wheatley’s study support the biological approach?

A

Because it shows that ear acupuncture can help improve physiological behaviours like relaxing, sleeping, reduced cravings etc.

77
Q

What is the context of Wheatley’s study?

A

That ear acupuncture has been used in prisons for years as it is cheap and doesn’t require prisoner motivation. The treatment is good at reducing addictions so can be used to reduce drug related crimes in prisons.

78
Q

What is the aim of Wheatley’s study?

A

To evaluate the effectiveness of ear acupuncture

79
Q

Who were the participants in Wheatley’s study?

A

350 prisoners from 6 high security prisons. They were compared with a control group

80
Q

What was the procedure of Wheatley’s study?

A

The participants received acupuncture as well as a standard care programme called FOCUS. The control group only received FOCUS. 2 trained practitioners worked with groups of 10 prisoners in a relaxed setting. The acupuncture lasted 40 minutes and needles were inserted into 5 acupuncture points.

81
Q

What were the results of Wheatley’s study?

A

Qualitative data: Prisoners reported better sleep and relaxation as well as having reduced nicotine cravings. There was cognitive and health improvements and the prisoners had better communication with staff and attendance to classes.
Quantitative data: 70% reduction in drug related incidences for the following 6 months. 42% reduction in positive drug tests.

82
Q

What did Wheatley conclude?

A

That there is enough evidence to expand the delivery of acupuncture throughout prisons and that it works best with complimentary therapies.

83
Q

Evaluate Wheatley’s study. 5 things

A

Large sample
High in EV
Reliability and validity- qual and quant data
Androcentric
A previous study showed that acupuncture made no significant difference

Psychology (8 decks)

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