Dysfunctional behaviour Flashcards
What does the DSM and ICD stand for?
Diagnostic Statistical Manual.
International Classification of Disorders.
Who uses the DSM?
Who uses the ICD?
DSM= America and most of the world. ICD= Britain, most of the world and W.H.O.
What are the 5 axis in the DSM?
- Clinical disorders. 2. Personality disorders. 3. Physical health. 4. Environmental factors 5. Global assessment.
Give examples of clinical and personality disorders… Give at least 3 of each.
Schizophrenia, Depression, Autism.
Mental retardation, Bipolar, MPD.
Give examples of environmental factors and global assessments (axis 4 and 5 in the DSM)
Loss of job, poverty, family issues.
Social issues, occupational issues and psychological functioning are rated from 1 to 10.
Name 10 (out of 16) categories that are in the DSM…
All are disorders: Cognitive, psychotic, substance related, mood, anxiety, somatoform, dissociative, adjustment, childhood, personality, gender identity, impulse control, factitious, sleep, eating and other.
Name 7 (out of 11) categories that are in the ICD…
All are disorders: Organic mental, schizotypal/ delusional, mental/behavioural due to substance use, mood, neurotic/ somatoform, behavioural/ emotional disorders in childhood, psychological development, mental retardation, personality/ behaviour, physiological disturbances causing behavioural problems, unspecified.
Which diagnostic manual (DSM and ICD) is reductionist/ holistic? Explain why.
DSM: Holistic because there are 5 axis.
ICD: Reductionist because it only look at symptoms.
Are the diagnostic manuals (DSM and ICD) reliable? Are they Ethnocentric?
Yes.
No.
What were the three names that dysfunctional behaviour used to be called in nomenclature?
Mental illness, abnormality and individual differences.
What did Rosenhan’s previous study discover?
That definitions and their criteria aren’t aren’t always specific enough.
What were the 4 criteria that defines abnormality in Rosenhan and Seligman’s study?
Statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately and deviation from ideal mental health.
Explain what is meant by statistical infrequency…
Statistically common behaviour is seen as normal, uncommon is abnormal. This abnormal behaviour doesn’t have to be negative though.
Give a positive example of abnormal behaviour…
Intelligence.
Why can’t statistical infrequency alone define abnormality?
Because it excludes common illnesses, such as depression, which are still seen as abnormal. It also excludes desirability (intelligence).
Explain what is meant by deviation from social norms…
Behaviour that’s not expected in society, that’s irrational and unpredictable.
What is wrong with the criteria: Deviation from social norms?
It’s unreliable because you can’t prove it. It is based on people’s opinions but it is a subjective view.
Explain what is meant by failure to function adequately…
Maladaptive behaviour which causes a change in everyday life.
Define maladaptive behaviour…
Someone who doesn’t adjust adequately to a situation.
Evaluate the criteria: Failure to function adequately…
It can be seen as both objective and subjective. It lacks reliability because it’s subjective.
What study supports the criteria: Deviation from mental health in Rosenhan and Seligman’s study?
Jahoda’s study.
What was Jahoda’s 6 criteria for being mentally healthy? Remember at least 3.
Having a positive view of yourself, being capable of personal growth, being able to make independent decisions, having an accurate view of reality, having positive relationships and having adaptive behaviour.
What was wrong with Jahoda’s study?
It was ethnocentric and bias.
Evaluate Rosenhan and Seligman’s study…
It isn’t applicable to all cultures, it isn’t reliable or valid, it is reductionist, it doesn’t account for individual differences.
What ethnicity is most likely to be diagnosed with dysfunctional behaviour due to bias? What gender is more likely?
African Caribbeans. Three times more likely.
Female, as they’re stereotypically said to be submissive and concerned about their appearances.
What approach is Rosenhan and Seligman’s study from?
Individual differences.
What approach is Ford and Widiger’s study from?
Individual differences.
What was the aim of Ford and Widiger’s study?
To find out whether clinicians stereotype genders whilst diagnosing disorders.
What method was used in Ford and Widiger’s study?
A self-report method.
Outline the procedure of Ford and Widiger’s study…
Health practitioners/ clinical psychologists had to diagnose people from a scenario they were given.
What was the IV and DV of Ford and Widiger’s study?
IV: The gender of the patient
DV: The diagnosis
What was the design of Ford and Widiger’s study?
Independent measures design.
The health practitioners were given a scenario of either a female, male or unspecified gender.
How many case studies were there in Ford and Widiger’s study? And how many disorders did the participants chose from?
9 and 9.
What illnesses were the case studies about in Ford and Widiger’s study?
Antisocial personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder or both.
In Ford and Widiger’s study, what were the ‘unspecified gender’ case studies mainly diagnosed with?
Borderline personality disorder.
Outline the results of Ford and Widiger’s study for the male and female case studies…
Males: Diagnosed correctly almost half of the time.
Females: Females with antisocial personality disorder were misdiagnosed with histrionic personality disorder almost half of the time. They were correctly diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder about 75% of the time.
What did Ford and Widiger conclude about their study?
There is sex bias when diagnosing disorders. Females are most likely to be seen as histrionic whereas males as antisocial.
Evaluate Ford and Widiger’s study…
It was representative as there was a large sample. It didn’t consider confounding variables such as class/ status. It is applicable and useful.
What is the context of Watson and Rayner’s study?
The context is that all behaviour is learned via classical or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is assuming that behaviour is learnt via association and operant assumes that behaviour is learnt via reinforcement. This approach believes that phobias are learnt so W+R explored this.
What approach is Watson and Rayner’s study from?
Behavioural
What are the 2 aims of Watson and Rayner’s study?
- To investigate creating fear via classical conditioning.
2. To investigate whether fear can be generalised.
What is the method of Watson and Rayner’s study?
Laboratory case study.
Who participated in Watson and Rayner’s study?
Little Albert who was 11 months old and had no fear of rabbits and other soft fluffy objects/animals.
What was Little Albert scared of before the study?
A hammer striking a metal bar.
How many sessions were there in Watson and Rayner’s study?
4.