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Dysfunctional behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the DSM and ICD stand for?

A

Diagnostic Statistical Manual.

International Classification of Disorders.

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2
Q

Who uses the DSM?

Who uses the ICD?

A 
DSM= America and most of the world.
ICD= Britain, most of the world and W.H.O.
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3
Q

What are the 5 axis in the DSM?

A
  1. Clinical disorders. 2. Personality disorders. 3. Physical health. 4. Environmental factors 5. Global assessment.
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4
Q

Give examples of clinical and personality disorders… Give at least 3 of each.

A

Schizophrenia, Depression, Autism.

Mental retardation, Bipolar, MPD.

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5
Q

Give examples of environmental factors and global assessments (axis 4 and 5 in the DSM)

A

Loss of job, poverty, family issues.

Social issues, occupational issues and psychological functioning are rated from 1 to 10.

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6
Q

Name 10 (out of 16) categories that are in the DSM…

A

All are disorders: Cognitive, psychotic, substance related, mood, anxiety, somatoform, dissociative, adjustment, childhood, personality, gender identity, impulse control, factitious, sleep, eating and other.

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7
Q

Name 7 (out of 11) categories that are in the ICD…

A

All are disorders: Organic mental, schizotypal/ delusional, mental/behavioural due to substance use, mood, neurotic/ somatoform, behavioural/ emotional disorders in childhood, psychological development, mental retardation, personality/ behaviour, physiological disturbances causing behavioural problems, unspecified.

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8
Q

Which diagnostic manual (DSM and ICD) is reductionist/ holistic? Explain why.

A

DSM: Holistic because there are 5 axis.
ICD: Reductionist because it only look at symptoms.

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9
Q

Are the diagnostic manuals (DSM and ICD) reliable? Are they Ethnocentric?

A

Yes.

No.

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10
Q

What were the three names that dysfunctional behaviour used to be called in nomenclature?

A

Mental illness, abnormality and individual differences.

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11
Q

What did Rosenhan’s previous study discover?

A

That definitions and their criteria aren’t aren’t always specific enough.

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12
Q

What were the 4 criteria that defines abnormality in Rosenhan and Seligman’s study?

A

Statistical infrequency, deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately and deviation from ideal mental health.

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13
Q

Explain what is meant by statistical infrequency…

A

Statistically common behaviour is seen as normal, uncommon is abnormal. This abnormal behaviour doesn’t have to be negative though.

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14
Q

Give a positive example of abnormal behaviour…

A

Intelligence.

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15
Q

Why can’t statistical infrequency alone define abnormality?

A

Because it excludes common illnesses, such as depression, which are still seen as abnormal. It also excludes desirability (intelligence).

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16
Q

Explain what is meant by deviation from social norms…

A

Behaviour that’s not expected in society, that’s irrational and unpredictable.

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17
Q

What is wrong with the criteria: Deviation from social norms?

A

It’s unreliable because you can’t prove it. It is based on people’s opinions but it is a subjective view.

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18
Q

Explain what is meant by failure to function adequately…

A

Maladaptive behaviour which causes a change in everyday life.

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19
Q

Define maladaptive behaviour…

A

Someone who doesn’t adjust adequately to a situation.

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20
Q

Evaluate the criteria: Failure to function adequately…

A

It can be seen as both objective and subjective. It lacks reliability because it’s subjective.

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21
Q

What study supports the criteria: Deviation from mental health in Rosenhan and Seligman’s study?

A

Jahoda’s study.

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22
Q

What was Jahoda’s 6 criteria for being mentally healthy? Remember at least 3.

A

Having a positive view of yourself, being capable of personal growth, being able to make independent decisions, having an accurate view of reality, having positive relationships and having adaptive behaviour.

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23
Q

What was wrong with Jahoda’s study?

A

It was ethnocentric and bias.

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24
Q

Evaluate Rosenhan and Seligman’s study…

A

It isn’t applicable to all cultures, it isn’t reliable or valid, it is reductionist, it doesn’t account for individual differences.

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25
Q

What ethnicity is most likely to be diagnosed with dysfunctional behaviour due to bias? What gender is more likely?

A

African Caribbeans. Three times more likely.

Female, as they’re stereotypically said to be submissive and concerned about their appearances.

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26
Q

What approach is Rosenhan and Seligman’s study from?

A

Individual differences.

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27
Q

What approach is Ford and Widiger’s study from?

A

Individual differences.

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28
Q

What was the aim of Ford and Widiger’s study?

A

To find out whether clinicians stereotype genders whilst diagnosing disorders.

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29
Q

What method was used in Ford and Widiger’s study?

A

A self-report method.

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30
Q

Outline the procedure of Ford and Widiger’s study…

A

Health practitioners/ clinical psychologists had to diagnose people from a scenario they were given.

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31
Q

What was the IV and DV of Ford and Widiger’s study?

A

IV: The gender of the patient
DV: The diagnosis

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32
Q

What was the design of Ford and Widiger’s study?

A

Independent measures design.

The health practitioners were given a scenario of either a female, male or unspecified gender.

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33
Q

How many case studies were there in Ford and Widiger’s study? And how many disorders did the participants chose from?

A

9 and 9.

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34
Q

What illnesses were the case studies about in Ford and Widiger’s study?

A

Antisocial personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder or both.

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35
Q

In Ford and Widiger’s study, what were the ‘unspecified gender’ case studies mainly diagnosed with?

A

Borderline personality disorder.

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36
Q

Outline the results of Ford and Widiger’s study for the male and female case studies…

A

Males: Diagnosed correctly almost half of the time.
Females: Females with antisocial personality disorder were misdiagnosed with histrionic personality disorder almost half of the time. They were correctly diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder about 75% of the time.

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37
Q

What did Ford and Widiger conclude about their study?

A

There is sex bias when diagnosing disorders. Females are most likely to be seen as histrionic whereas males as antisocial.

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38
Q

Evaluate Ford and Widiger’s study…

A

It was representative as there was a large sample. It didn’t consider confounding variables such as class/ status. It is applicable and useful.

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39
Q

What is the context of Watson and Rayner’s study?

A

The context is that all behaviour is learned via classical or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is assuming that behaviour is learnt via association and operant assumes that behaviour is learnt via reinforcement. This approach believes that phobias are learnt so W+R explored this.

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40
Q

What approach is Watson and Rayner’s study from?

A

Behavioural

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41
Q

What are the 2 aims of Watson and Rayner’s study?

A
  1. To investigate creating fear via classical conditioning.

2. To investigate whether fear can be generalised.

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42
Q

What is the method of Watson and Rayner’s study?

A

Laboratory case study.

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43
Q

Who participated in Watson and Rayner’s study?

A

Little Albert who was 11 months old and had no fear of rabbits and other soft fluffy objects/animals.

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44
Q

What was Little Albert scared of before the study?

A

A hammer striking a metal bar.

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45
Q

How many sessions were there in Watson and Rayner’s study?

A

4.

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46
Q

In Watson and Rayner’s study, what happened in the first session. Name 2 things.

A
  1. Every time Albert was presented with a rat, a metal bar was struck.
  2. The sound made him jump and then made him whimper.
47
Q

In Watson and Rayner’s study, what happened in the second session. Name 2 things.

A
  1. The rat was presented without the noise at the start and end of the session.
  2. The rat was then presented with the noise a few times.
  3. At the end of the session, Albert cried and turned away from the rat, even when there was no loud noise.
48
Q

How long was the gap between session 1 and 2 in Watson and Rayner’s study? Between session 2 and 3? And 3 and 4?

A

One week.
Five days.
One month.

49
Q

In Watson and Rayner’s study, what happened in the third session. Name 3 things.

A
  1. They tested whether Albert had generalised his fear.
  2. They presented him with fluffy objects: Rats, rabbits, cotton wool, Watson’s hair etc.
  3. They also presented him with non fluffy objects such as toys.
  4. He showed fear towards the fluffy objects but not towards the toys.
50
Q

In Watson and Rayner’s study, what happened in the fourth session. Name 2 things.

A
  1. They tested Albert with similar things again.

2. He continued to show fear.

51
Q

What did Watson and Rayner conclude?

A

Albert’s fear can be generalised to other objects and it was created via classical conditioning.

52
Q

Evaluate Watson and Rayner’s study?

A

Case study= unrepresentative
Reductionist as it ignores the mind and body.
Reliable as it’s in controlled conditions.
Unethical.
Lacks ecological validity.

53
Q

What approach is Gottesman and Shields’ study in?

A

Biological

54
Q

How does Gottesman and Shields’ study support the biological approach?

A

It supports the assumption that disorders are due to factors like genes, hormones and neurotransmitters.

55
Q

What is the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins?

A

Monozygotic come from the same egg, are identical and share 100% of the same genes.
Dizygotic come from two separate eggs, aren’t identical and share 50% of the same genes.

56
Q

Twins are usually brought up in the same environment. What does this allow you to isolate?

A

It isolates genetic factors so if one of the dizygotic twins have a disorder, it will be due to genetics not the environment because the other twin doesn’t have the disorder.

57
Q

What is the aim of Gottesman and Shields’ study?

A

To review research of genetic transmission of schizophrenia in twins.

58
Q

How many studies were reviewed in Gottesman and Shields’ study? How many of these were adoption studies/ twin studies?

A

8 studies. 3 adoption and 5 twins.

59
Q

What was the procedure for the adoptions studies in Gottesman and Shields’ study?

A

The procedure was to find out the incidence of schizophrenia in biological siblings and biological parents and to then compare that to the incidence of schizophrenia in adopted siblings and their non-biological parents.

60
Q

What were the results for the adoption studies in Gottesman and Shields’ study?

A

The was an increased incidence of schizophrenia in adopted children with biological schizophrenic parents. Adoptive schizophrenic parents had no affect on the child.

61
Q

What was the procedure for the twin studies in Gottesman and Shields’ study?

A

They compared concordance rates (how often both twins had the disorder) of MZ and DZ twins with schizophrenia.

62
Q

What were the results for the twin studies in Gotessman and Shields’ study?

A

There was a higher concordance rate in MZ twins. (about 58%)

63
Q

What did Gottesman and Shields conclude from their study?

A

Genes are important in the likelihood of having a disorder which supports the nature debate.

64
Q

Evaluate Gottesman and Shields’ study…

Name 3.

A
  1. Concordance rates were below 100%so environment must have some effect supporting the nurture debate.
  2. The environment wasn’t controlled. Can’t infer cause and effect.
  3. Ignores individual differences.
  4. Lots of participants so it’s generalisable.
65
Q

What approach is Beck’s study in?

A

Cognitive.

66
Q

How does Beck’s study support the cognitive approach?

A

It shows that dysfunctional behaviour is a result of faulty thinking and faulty cognitions.

67
Q

What are 2 types of faulty thinking?

A
  1. Over-generalisation, one person says something so you assume everyone thinks it.
  2. Catastrophisation, you get a low grade in one assignment and assume that you will fail all of your essays.
68
Q

What was the aim of Beck’s study? E

A

To understand faulty cognitions in patients with depression.

69
Q

What was the method and design of Beck’s study? E

A

Clinical interviews with patients undergoing therapy for depression. Design: Independent measures.

70
Q

What participants were in Beck’s study? E

A

50 patients with depression and 31 non-depressed patients undergoing psychotherapy. Average intelligence. The two groups were matched on age, sex and social position.

71
Q

What was the procedure of Beck’s study? E

3 things.

A

Face to face interviews. Retrospective reports of patients’ thoughts before and during the session. Patients wrote diaries outside of therapy. The non-depressed patients’ verbalisations were recorded.

72
Q

What were the themes (feelings) that depressed patients had in Beck’s study? Name 5. Non-depressed patients didn’t have these feelings. E

A

Depressed patients had: Low self esteem, self blame, a desire to escape, anxiety, paranoia, a feeling of being unlovable, a feeling of being alone.

73
Q

What did the results show, in Beck’s study, about faulty thinking? E

A

It showed that depressed people had attributions of over generalisation and catastrophisation.

74
Q

True or false. In Beck’s study, the faulty cognitions were automatic, involuntary, plausible and persistent. E

A

True.

75
Q

What did Beck conclude about his study? E

A

People with depression have cognitive distortions which deviate from realistic and logical thinking.

76
Q

Evaluate Beck’s study… E

Name 2.

A
  1. Valid due to qualitative data (diaries, interviews).
  2. Matched variables provided control and isolates the variable of depression.
  3. Useful for CBT treatments.
77
Q

What approach does McGrath’s study support?

A

Behaviourist perspective.

78
Q

How does McGrath’s study support the behaviourist perspective?

A

It shows that dysfunctional behaviour is learnt and can therefore be unlearned.

79
Q

What technique did McGrath use when trying to get the girl to unlearn her dysfunctional behaviour?

A

A type of classical conditioning called systematic desensitisation. This means he got the girl to associate her phobia with something positive.

80
Q

What was the aim of McGrath’s study?

A

To treat a girl with a phobia of loud noises via systematic desensitisation.

81
Q

What was the method and design of McGrath’s study?

A

Case study.

82
Q

Who was the participant in McGrath’s study? State 4 facts.

A
  1. She was female.
  2. She was 9.
  3. She had a phobia of balloons popping and party poppers.
  4. Below average IQ.
  5. No other dysfunctional behaviours.
83
Q

In McGrath’s study, did:
A- The girl give full informed consent
B- The parents give full informed consent
C- No one give any consent

A

B

84
Q

In McGrath’s study, how many session did the girl have?

A

10

85
Q

How did McGrath measure the girl’s fear?

A

Via a fear thermometer.

86
Q

In McGrath’s study, how did they use systematic desensitisation? Give detail.

A

They got the girl to do deep breathing exercises and told the girl to imagine being in her room with her toys. When she was subjected with the noise she would think of this ‘happy place’ and associate the phobia with it.

87
Q

In McGrath’s study, what was the girl’s progress at the end of the first session?
What about after the fourth session?

A

First session: She cried when the balloon popped at the far end of a corridor.
Fourth session: She felt calm when subjected to the noise. She only suffered mild anxiety when the balloon was popped 10 metres away.

88
Q

In McGrath’s study, what was the girl’s progress at the end of the fifth session?
What happened in the next three sessions?

A

Fifth session: She could pop a balloon herself.

Next three sessions: She was subjected to party poppers and could eventually pop one if the therapist held it.

89
Q

In McGrath’s study, what was the difference in the girl’s fear thermometer scores after all ten sessions?

A

Balloons had gone from 7 to 3 and party poppers from 9 to 5.

90
Q

What did McGrath conclude about his study?

A

That systematic desensitisation was effective.

91
Q

Evaluate McGrath’s study… State 5 things.

A
  1. Full informed consent.
  2. No confidentiality- her name was Lucy.
  3. It isn’t reductionist because it uses biological techniques as well (deep breathing).
  4. Not representative.
  5. Qual and quantitative, therapy and fear thermometer.
92
Q

What approach does Karp and Frank’s study support?

A

Biological approach.

93
Q

How does Karp and Frank’s study support the biological approach?

A

It supports the biological approach because the study explores the effectiveness of drug treatment which is a physiological treatment.

94
Q

Give 2 types of biological treatments, other than drug treatment.

A
  1. Lobotomy.

2. Electro-convulsive therapy.

95
Q

What was the aim of Karp and Frank’s study?

A

The aim was to compare drug treatments and non-drug treatments for depression.

96
Q

What was the method of Karp and Frank’s study?

A

The method was a review article of drug treatments, combined treatments (drug and psychological), placebo treatments and psychological treatments..

97
Q

Who were the participants in Karp and Frank’s study?

A

The participants were women with depression.

98
Q

What was the design in Karp and Frank’s study?

A

Independent measures.

99
Q

What was the procedure of Karp and Frank’s study?

A

The participant were tested before and after the treatment and their depression was analysed via depression inventories.

100
Q

What were the results of Karp and Frank’s study? 2 main results.

A
  1. Psychological treatment in combined treatment made no difference to just drug treatment.
  2. Less attrition in combination treatments.
101
Q

What did Karp and Frank conclude?

A

The study supports drug treatment as it was the most effective in combined treatment.

102
Q

Evaluate Karp and Frank’s study. State 4 things.

A
  1. Drugs are also cheaper than other treatments.
  2. There are side effect to drug treatment (addiction).
  3. It is a review study which is good and bad.
  4. Reductionist, ignores social factors.
  5. Doesn’t have experimental validity as they didn’t measure what they intended to.
  6. Sometimes placebos work just as well. Awks.
103
Q

Name 2 types of cognitive therapy…

A

CBT and RET (rational emotive therapy)

104
Q

What is the aim of cognitive therapy?

A

To change irrational thinking to rational thinking.

105
Q

What was the aim of Beck’s study? T

A

To compare the effectiveness of cognitive therapy and drug therapy.

106
Q

What was the method of Beck’s study and how many conditions were there? T

A

Controlled experiment and two conditions: cognitive or drug.

107
Q

How many participants were there in Beck’s study? and what dysfunctional behaviour did they have? T

A

44 participants with depression.

108
Q

What was the procedure in Beck’s study and what were the three types of self report? T

A

Self report.

Beck’s depression inventory, Hamilton rating scale and rasking scale.

109
Q

How long was Beck’s study? T

A

12 weeks.

110
Q

What were the 2 treatments in Beck’s study? T

A

1 hour cognitive sessions twice a week or 100 imipramine capsules.

111
Q

What were the results of Beck’s study? T

3 things.

A

Both groups showed significant reductions in depression symptoms on all 3 rating scales.
Cognitive treatment showed significantly greater improvements in observer based ratings.
More attrition in the drug condition.

112
Q

What did Beck conclude? T

A

Cognitive therapy is more effective and there is more adherence.

113
Q

Evaluate Beck’s study. T

State 4 things.

A

Reliable as there was 3 quantitative rating scales.
The evidence contradicts Karp and Frank’s study.
There was experimental validity.
Can infer cause and effect because CBT aims to find the cause.
Small sample so unrepresentative.

Psychology (8 decks)

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