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AS Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Dependant variable

A

The thing that you measure

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2
Q

Independent variable

A

The conditions that you change

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3
Q

Aim

A

Describes the purpose of the investigation

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

States the relationship between the two control variables

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5
Q

Operationalisation

A

Defining the variables in a specific way so they can be measured

E.g. Gender affects sports performance
—> gender difference in time taken to sprint 100m

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6
Q

Randomisation

A

Randomly allocate participants, reduces the risk of participant variables influencing the result

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7
Q

Standardisation

A

Keep everything the same for each participant

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8
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Half and half in each condition then switch over

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9
Q

Random sampling

A

Equal chance of being selected

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10
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Divided into sub-groups then randomly selected

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11
Q

Opportunity sampling

A

Simplest form

Take anyone who is available

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12
Q

Self- selected sampling

A

Participants sign up

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13
Q

Independent groups

A

Different groups of people

Only take part in one condition

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14
Q

Repeated measures

A

Same group of participants

Take part in each condition

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15
Q

Matched pairs

A

Different groups that have been matched

Only take part in one condition

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16
Q

Lab experiment

A

Controlled environment
Easy to replicate
Extraneous variables minimised

Not realistic
Low mundane realism

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17
Q

Field experiment

A

Natural setting, manipulate IV

More realistic than lab
Higher ecological validity

Hard to control extraneous variables
Ethical issues if people dont know theyre being observed

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18
Q

Natural experiment

A

IV changes naturally and isnt influenced by the experimenter

High ecological validity
Studies ‘real’ problems

Random allocation isnt possible

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19
Q

Informed consent

A

Participants know the aims and accept conditions

Consent forms

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20
Q

Deception

A

Lie to participants
With hold info
Full informed consent not given

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21
Q

Protection from harm

A

Participants not at more risk than they would be in real life
No physical/psychological harm

22
Q

Privacy and confidentiality

A

Make info private/anonymous

Must be confidential, data protection act

23
Q

Naturalistic/controlled observation

A

Naturalistic - left as it is and researcher doesnt interfere

Controlled - variables are regulated in a lab setting, know theyre being observed

24
Q

Overt/covert observations

A

Overt - informed consent, know theyre being observed

Covert - unaware theyre being observed e.g. in a public place

25
Q

Participant/ non-participant observations

A

Participant - observer is a part of the group being observed

Non - observer watches from a distance and doesnt interact

26
Q

Event sampling

A

Count the number of times a certain behaviour occurs

27
Q

Time sampling

A

Recording what behaviours happen in a certain amount of time

28
Q

Features of a good questionnaire

A 
Clear questions
Avoid biased/leading questions
Answers can be analysed
Open/closed questions (likert scale, rating scale, fixed choice options)
Start with easy questions
Filler questions to mislead
29
Q

Structured interview

A

Questions designed in advanced

Asked in a set order

30
Q

Unstructured interview

A

More like a conversation
No set questions
Have a general aim
Expand/elaborate on answers

31
Q

Semi-structured interview

A

Questions set in advance

Can ask follow up questions to expand

32
Q

What does a scatter diagram show?

A

Correlations
Positive - both increase
Negitive - one increase, one decrease
Zero - no relationship

33
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Indicated the degree of a correlation
Perfect positive is +1
Perfect negitive is -1

34
Q

How research is used irl

A

Use social influence
Memory research for eyewitnesses and cognitive interview
Emotional care in early child development
Mental health treatments
Understanding the brain

35
Q

What is peer review

A

Research is reviewed by experts to check for mistakes, improve accuracy, suggest improvements and decide where to allocate funding

36
Q

Quantitative data

A

Numbers/quantities

Easy to analyse
Lacks detail

37
Q

Qualitative data

A

Words/quality of info

More detailed
Harder to analyse

38
Q

Primary data

A

Collected first hand by researcher
Plan, design & conduct own experiment

More control
Time consuming/expensive

39
Q

Secondary data

A

Data collected for a purpose other than the current one
Used in meta-analysis

Quicker & easier
Less reliable

40
Q

Mean (central tendency)

A

Representative of all data as all values are used

Unrepresentative if extreme scores

41
Q

Median (central tendency)

A

Not effected by extreme scores

Not a sensitive as mean

42
Q

Mode (central tendency)

A

Useful if data is in categories

Not good if theres multiple modes

43
Q

Standard deviation

A

Spread around the mean
Less affected by extreme values
Can be compred

44
Q

Raw data tables

A

Data is unprocessed
Organised with clear headings
frequency table

45
Q

Normal distribution

A

Mean = median = mode

46
Q

Positive skew

A

Mode < median < mean

47
Q

Negative skew

A

Mean < median < mode

48
Q

When to use the sign test

A

Looking for a difference
Repeated measures design
Data in nominal ( in separate categories)

49
Q

Statistical significance

A

Probability must be less than 5% for the results to have occurred by chance

50
Q

Steps for doing a sign test

A

1) record the scores for both groups
2) subtract the after from the before and record the difference and + or - sign
3) count up the amount of + and -, ignore any that are 0, the lowest value is the S value
4) find the number of participants and compare this is the critical values table for 0.05
5) if the S value is equal to or less than the critical value then it’s significant

AS Psychology (7 decks)

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