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AS Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychology

A

The study of the mind and brain. How we function and behave

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2
Q

Empiricism

A

Behaviour can be observed and measured scientifically

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3
Q

Psychodynamic approach

A

Childhood experiences influence adult behaviour

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4
Q

Behavioural approach

A

Behaviour is learned from the environment. We learn from watching others. It is observable, measurable and objective

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5
Q

Cognitive approach

A

Thoughts and beliefs shape behaviour.

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6
Q

Biological approach

A

Genes and biochemistry influence thoughts, feelings and behaviour

  • genes
  • genotype/phenotype
  • neurochemistry
  • evolution
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7
Q

Basic assumptions of classical conditioning

A

Operates on the principle of association

Idea of a stimulus and response

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8
Q

Pavlov’s classical conditioning experiment

A

Dogs sees food and salivates
Dog hears bell and doesnt react
Dog sees food and hears fork and salivates
Dog hears the bell and salivates because the bell is associated with food

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9
Q

Skinner’s operant conditioning experiment

A

Rats and pigeons in skinner boxes
When a lever is pressed a food pellet drops
Also press the lever to avoid unpleasant stimulus e.g. Electric shock

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10
Q

Basic assumptions of operant conditioning

A

Behaviour is learned through consequences and it’s shaped/maintained by reinforcement

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11
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Receiving a reward when desirable behaviour is performed

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12
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Undesired consequences are avoided by performing a particular behaviour

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13
Q

Punishment

A

Unpleasant consequence of behaviour

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14
Q

Evaluation of classical conditioning

A

+ real life application e.g. therapy for phobias, relaxation technique to learn a response

  • people have individual differences e.g. depends on survival instinct, peoples behaviour is also governed by emotions
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15
Q

Evaluation of operant conditioning

A

+ lab experiment under controlled conditions which increases reliability and validity

  • conducted on animals and humans are more complicated, this is a reductionist approach
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16
Q

What is social learning theory

A

Albert bandura
Relationship between behaviour and consequences
Modelling/imitation and direct/indirect reinforcement

A model carries out a behaviour and the individual will imitate what they see based on the consequences

17
Q

4 stages of social learning theory

A

Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation

18
Q

Bobo doll study

A 
Bandura, ross & ross
36 boys and 36 girls
24 shown aggressive model
24 shown non aggressive model
24 not shown a model

Children watched how an adult acted with the bobo doll

19
Q

Evaluation of social learning theory

A

+ real life applications which supports credibility
+ explains why we have cultural differences
+ takes into account a comprehensive set of behaviours

  • suffers from demand characteristics which undermine validity
  • underestimates biological influences
  • doesnt determine deviant behaviours/attitudes
20
Q

Cognitive approach

A 
Mental processes
Unobservable processes 
- reasoning
- attention
- analysing
- remembering
- decision making
21
Q

Information processing model (cognitive approach)

A

Info flows through a sequence of stages
Input, storage & retrieval
E.g. Multistore model of memory

22
Q

Computer model (cognitive approach)

A

The mind works like a computer

Info is coded into a usable format and stored in designated storage devices

23
Q

What is a schema?

A

Cognitive framework
Organises & interprets information
Guide our expectations and form behaviours
Interpret a situation
Become more complicated with age as a persons brain develops
Can lead to stereotypical thinking

24
Q

What does cognitive neuroscience look at?

A

Influence of brain structure on mental processes
Neural circuits
Relies on use of technology
PET and MRI scans

25
Q

Evaluation of the cognitive approach

A

+ scientific/objective, experimental methods give evidence
+ real life application, has lead to successful treatment of mental illnesses

  • lab conditions, less ecological validity
  • reductionist, ignores the role of emotions and is too focused on the brain as a computer
26
Q

Basic assumptions of biological approach

A

Biological structures, genes, neurochemistry, nervous system
Mind is distinct from the brain
Evolutionary perspective

27
Q

What is evolution (biological approach)

A

Natural selection
Genetic behaviours are passed on through generations
Natural survival instinct
Advantageous behaviours

28
Q

Genotype

A

Actual genetic makeup/code that a person has

29
Q

Phenotype

A

The way that the genes are expressed through physical, behavioural and psychological characteristics

30
Q

Evaluation of the biological approach

A

+ scientific methods in controlled environment
+ real life applications, developments of drugs

  • deterministic view, all internal
  • claims casual conclusions, more than one factor associated with mental illnesses

AS Psychology (7 decks)

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