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Psychology year 1 > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of unwanted variables?

A

Extraneous and confounding

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2
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Many are easy to control (e.g. age of participants) they do not vary systematically with IV and may blur results (dilute experimental water)

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3
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Unexpected events which can add a second unintended variable such as a varying emotion
Do vary systematically with IV

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4
Q

What are the three main types of variables?

A

Participant, situational, investigator

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5
Q

What are participant variables?

A

individual differences found among participants could change the results of a study, Individual differences can not be eliminated but you can limit their effects

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6
Q

How do you minimise participant variables?

A

-random allocation
-take a large sample size to remove any anomalies

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7
Q

What are situational variables?

A

difference in set up of experiment (e.g. environment, time of day, order effects)

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8
Q

How to minimise situational variables?

A

-standardised instructions and standardised procedures
-counterbalancing

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9
Q

What are investigator variables?

A

Differences due to the person running the experiment (body language, unconscious bias or hints, demand characteristics)

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10
Q

How do you minimise investigator variables?

A

-placebo conditions
-single blind
-double blind

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11
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Participant reactivity is a significant extraneous variable (participants are not passive). In research situations participants may work out what’s going on due to certain clues which help them to interpret what is happening

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12
Q

What causes the Please U and Screw U effect to take place?

A

demand characteristics where participants figure out what is happening and either try to please investigator or do something deliberately wrong

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13
Q

What is standardisation?

A

list of exactly what should be done in the study includes standardised investigation that is read to each participants

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14
Q

What is randomisation?

A

use of chance methods to reduce researchers unconscious bias when designing an investigation
as it decides order of groups or participants

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15
Q

What are aims in a research?

A

Initial idea (once found) and narrow focus on research to produce an aim
Aims developed from theories (based on research) and are general statements that describe purpose of investigation

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16
Q

Why should variables other than DV and IV remain constant in an experiment?

A

To make sure the IV (change) is the only thing effecting the DV (measure)

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17
Q

What are the two conditions of the levels of IV?

A

control conditions and experimental conditions

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18
Q

What are the two types of hypothesis?

A

Non-directional and directional

19
Q

What is the difference between a Non- directional and a directional hypothesis?

A

Directional makes clear the sort of difference between the two conditions while non-directional does not specify

20
Q

When do researchers typically use a directional hypothesis?

A

when a theory or previous research of findings from earlier studies are contradictory

21
Q

What are the three groups used in experiments?

A

Independent groups, matched pairs, repeated measures

22
Q

What does an independent group consist of ?

A

Two separate groups experiences two different conditions of experiment so it has two levels of IV

23
Q

What does matched pairs consist of?

A

Participants are paired together variables or variable relative to the experiment

24
Q

What does repeated measures consist of?

A

All participants experience both conditions of the experiment, two mean scores are taken from both groups

25
Q

What are the limitations of independent groups?

A

Participants who occupy the different groups are not the same in terms of participant variables each participants produces only one results so more time + money spent on recruiting participants

26
Q

What are the limitations of matched pairs?

A

matching may be time consuming
no way to match participants exactly

27
Q

What are the limitations of repeated measures?

A

Each participant has to do at least two tasks so order of tasks may be significant
Order effects arise due to fatigue or boredom
Demand characteristics may be prominent due to working out aim

28
Q

What are the advantages of independent groups?

A

Order effects are not a problem as participants less likely to guess aim

29
Q

What are the advantages of matched pairs?

A

Participants only take part in one condition so order effects and demand characteristics are less of a problem

30
Q

What are the advantages of repeated measures?

A

Participant variables controlled so fewer participants needed (less time)

31
Q

What is counterbalancing and what is it used for?

A

is an attempt to control order effects in a repeated measure design.
In counterbalancing , half the participants take part in the condition A and B, and the other half take part in the condition B then A
ABBA structure

32
Q

What is informed consent?

A

Making participants aware of aims by explaining procedures, what their data will be used for and right to withdraw
(should be able to make decision without coercion or feeling obliged)

-May make study meaningless as behaviour won’t be natural

33
Q

What is deception?

A

Deliberately misleading or withholding information or may not receive adequate information when agreed to take part

34
Q

What is protection from harm?

A

Should not be placed at more risk than in everyday life (psychological or physical harm)

Examples : embarrassment, feeling inadequate, stress or pressure

35
Q

What is privacy and confidentiality?

A

Right to control information about themselves (right of privacy)if breached confidentiality must be ensured

36
Q

What are ethical issues?

A

When a conflict or dilemma exists between rights and researchers need to gain valuable and meaningful findings (not informed to view in natural environment)

37
Q

How do researchers deal with deception and protection from harm?

A

End of study participants should be given a full debrief on true aims and any detail not initially known. Participants told what their data will be used for (given right to withdraw or withhold information after results)
Should be reassured behaviour displayed is normal / typical
If participants subject to stress or embarrassment counselling should be supplied by the researcher in charge

38
Q

How do researchers deal with confidentiality?

A

Personal details must be protected, usual to record no personal details using numbers and initials when explaining experiment (written), participants reminded they are protected

39
Q

How do researchers deal with informed consent?

A

Participants should receive a consent letter or form with details of what will happen, for children under 16 parent signature of consent needed

40
Q

What is the BPS code of conduct?

A

British Psychology Society
Set of ethical guidelines, attempt to ensure all participants are treated with respect. Implemented by ethics committees in research institutions with a cost - benefit approach

41
Q

What are the three alternative ways of getting consent?

A

Presumptive consent
Prior general consent
Retrospective consent

42
Q

What is Presumptive consent?

A

similar groups are asked if experiment is okay

43
Q

What is Prior general consent?

A

participants give consent to be deceived and to partake in the other studies

44
Q

What is retrospective consent?

A

asked for consent (during debriefing) haven already taken part

Psychology year 1 (6 decks)

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