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Psychology year 1 > All keywords > Flashcards

All keywords Flashcards

1
Q

internal mental processes

A

‘private’ operations of the mind such as perception and attention

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2
Q

schema

A

mental frame work of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive process

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3
Q

inference process

A

where cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about way mental processes operate

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4
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

scientific study of those biological structures that underpin the cognitive process (e.g MRI’s, PET scans)

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5
Q

Cognitive approach

A

term ‘ cognitive’ has come to mean ‘mental processes’ so it focuses on how thoughts, perception and attention affect a persons behaviour

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6
Q

brocas area

A

damage to frontal lobe could permanently impair speech production

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7
Q

thinking machines

A

use of ai which has been used in the comparison on how humans think

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8
Q

Computer models

A

used in the cognitive approach in order to have a comparison on how they believe the mind processes information similar to a computer

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9
Q

machine reductionism

A

ignores influence of human emotion and motivation (ex in thinking machines)

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10
Q

Brain fingerprinting

A

determines whether specific information is stored. Involves measuring brain waves response to stimuli, used in criminal court cases to see if suspects are lying in court

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11
Q

behaviourist approach

A

a way of explaining behaviour in terms of what us observable and in terms of learning

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12
Q

classicial conditioning

A

learning by association, occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together- an unconditioned stimulus and neutral stimulus which eventually receives same response as unconditioned stimulus alone

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13
Q

operant conditioning

A

form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by it’s consequence, possible consequences of behaviour include reinforcement and punishment

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14
Q

Reinforcement

A

a consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated

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15
Q

Token economy system

A

used in psychiatric institutions and prisons where good behaviour given tokens used to spend or trade in for good (example of positive reinforcement)

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16
Q

Environmental determinism

A

limitation of behaviourist approach as it sees behaviour as a sum of all past conditioning experiences ignoring possibility of free will

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17
Q

lab studies

A

research carried out in a controlled environment where researchers have lots of control over DV and IV along with any extraneous and confounding variables

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18
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

receiving reward when behaviour is performed

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19
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

avoiding something unpleasant by performing behaviour

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20
Q

Punishment

A

unpleasant consequence of behaviour (finding way to avoid would be negative)

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21
Q

Psychodynamic approaches

A

a perspective that describes the different forces (dynamic) most of which are unconscious that operate on the mind and direct human behaviour and experience

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22
Q

the unconscious

A

part of mind we are aware of which directs much of our behaviour

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23
Q

Id

A

entirely unconscious made up of selfish aggressive instincts that demand immediate gratification

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24
Q

Ego

A

balances conflicting demands of Id and SuperEgo

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25
Q

SuperEgo

A

moralistic part of personality which represents ideal self

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26
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies that the ego uses to manage conflicts between Id and Superego

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27
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

five developmental stages that all children pass through. At each stage there is a different conflict, the outcome of which determines future development

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28
Q

Parapraxes

A

repressed or locked away memories that can be accessed through ‘slips of the tounge’

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29
Q

Preconscious

A

contains thoughts and memories which can be accessed but not always in consciousness

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30
Q

Morality principle

A

represents moral standard (super ego)

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31
Q

Falsification

A

psychodynamic approach doesn’t meet this as isn’t scientific as it cannot be replicated or tested

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32
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

an approach to understanding behaviour that emphasises the importance of subjective experience and each persons capacity for self determination

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33
Q

Free will

A

notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by internal biological or external forces

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34
Q

Self actualisation

A

desire to grow psychologically and fulfil ones full potential (becoming what you are capable of)

35
Q

Hierarchy of needs

A

five levelled sequence in which basic psychological needs must be satisfied before higher psychological needs can be achieved

36
Q

Self

A

ideas and values that characterise ‘i’ and ‘me’ and includes perception and valuing of ‘what i am’ and ‘what i can do’

37
Q

Congruence

A

aims of Rogerian therapy when the self-concept and ideal self are seen to broadly or match

38
Q

Conditions of worth

A

when a a parent places limits of love on their children saying ‘i will only love you if’

39
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

unconditional love

40
Q

Counselling

A

client centred therapy proposed by carl rogers where he found it important to make clients feel loved and safe also encouraging towards their own solutions

41
Q

Clients

A

carl rogers refered to patients as this as he found it important to view their experience as an individual rather than an excerpt of their own condition

42
Q

Holism

A

ideas that subjective experience can only be understood considering the whole person

43
Q

SLT

A

a way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement, combining learning theory with the role of cognitive factors

44
Q

Imitation

A

copying behaviour of others

45
Q

Identification

A

observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like role model (attractive or higher status)

46
Q

Modelling

A

from observers perspective modelling is imitating the behaviour of a role model. From role models perspective modelling is the precise demonstration of a specific behaviour that may be imitated by observer

47
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

reinforcement which is not directly experienced but occurs through observing someone else being reinforced by behaviour. key factors of imitation

48
Q

mediational process

A

cognitive factors that influenced learning and come between stimulus and response

49
Q

Attention

A

extent to which we notice certain behaviour

50
Q

Retention

A

how well behaviour remembered

51
Q

Motor reproduction

A

ability of observer to perform behaviour

52
Q

Motivation

A

will to perform the behaviour, often determined by whether behaviour rewarded or punished

53
Q

Mirror neurones

A

allows us to emphasise and imitate others

54
Q

Demand characteristics

A

clues or signals in experiment to hint at how p’s should not

55
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

not only influenced by external environment but also except influence upon it

56
Q

biological approach

A

perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neutral functions

57
Q

genes

A

make up chromosomes and consists of DNA which codes for physical features of an organism

58
Q

Biological structure

A

organisation of parts in body (organ system)

59
Q

Neurochemistry

A

chemicals in brain that regulate psychological function

60
Q

Geno type

A

set of genes a person possesses

61
Q

Phenotype

A

characteristics determined by gens and environment (physical)

62
Q

Monozygotic

A

identical twins (100% concordance rates)

63
Q

Dizygotic

A

non identical twins (50% concordance rates)

64
Q

Concordance rates

A

extent to which twins share the same characteristics

65
Q

Biological determinism

A

sees human behaviour as governed by internal genetics and we have no control (free will)

66
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

transmits information from receptor cells, also receives information from CNS that directs muscles to act

67
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

transmit information to and from bodily organs. it is automatic meaning it’s involuntary

68
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

subsystem of ANS which is your psychologically aroused state when you produce adrenaline and cortisol due to threat or danger

69
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

resting state and acts as ‘brake’ to reduce activities in body ( often referred to as rest and digest response)

70
Q

conformity

A

a change in a persons behaviour or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people

71
Q

Group size

A

Asch increased the size of the group by adding more confederates, thus increasing size of majority. Conformity increases with group size, but only up to a point. Levelling off when majority greater than 3 (curvilinear)

72
Q

Unanimity

A

the extent to which all members of a group agree. In Asch’s studies, the majority was unanimous when all the confederates selected the same comparison lines. This produced the greatest degree of conformity in naive participants

73
Q

Task difficulty

A

Asch’s line judging task is more difficult when it becomes harder to work out the correct answer. Conformity increased because naive participants assumed that the majority is more likely to be right

74
Q

Confederates

A

a person who is aware of the research taking place but acts as a normal participant unaware

75
Q

Individualist

A

more people concerned with themselves than the group

76
Q

Collectivist

A

social group more important than individual

77
Q

internalisation

A

a deep type of conformity where we take on the majority view because we accept it as correct. It leads to a far reaching and permanent change in behaviour, even when the group is absent

78
Q

Identification

A

a moderate type of conformity where we act in the same way as the group because there is something we value about it and want to be part of it. But we don’t necessarily agree with everything the group/majority believes

79
Q

Compliance

A

a superficial and temporary type of conformity where we outwardly go along with the majority view but privately disagree with it. The change in out behaviour only lasts as long as the group is monitoring us

80
Q

informational social influence

A

an explanation of conformity that says we agree with the opinion of the majority because we believe it is correct. We accept it because we want to be correct as well. This may lead to internalisation

81
Q

Normative social influence

A

an explanation of conformity that says we agree with the opinion of the majority because we want to gain social approval and be liked. This may lead to compliance

82
Q

nAffiliators

A

people who have a strong need for affiliation meaning they want to relate to other people

83
Q

Social roles

A

the ‘parts’ people play as members of various social groups. Everyday examples include parent, child, student, passenger and so on. These are accompanied by expectations we and others have of what is appropriate behaviour in each role, for example caring, obedient, industrious, etc

84
Q
A

Psychology year 1 (7 decks)

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