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AS Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Independent variable.

A

The variable that is changed by the experimenters.

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2
Q

Dependent variable.

A

The variable that is being measured.

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3
Q

Extraneous variable.

A

Variables that are not the IV that may affect the outcome of the experiment.

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4
Q

Confounding variable.

A

A variable that has impacted the results of an experiment that is not the IV.

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5
Q

Control condition.

A

The group in an experiment where the IV is not present.

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6
Q

Experimental condition.

A

The group in an experiment where the IV is present.

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7
Q

Lab experiment.

A

An experiment in an artificial environment with the aim of controlling most extraneous variables.

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8
Q

Field experiment.

A

An experiment in the real world where the IV is still controlled.

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9
Q

Natural experiment.

A

Also known as a Quasi-experiment. An experiment in the real world where the IV is not controlled.

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10
Q

Independent measures design.

A

Where each group does a different thing in an experiment.

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11
Q

Repeated measures design.

A

Where every groups does every condition of the experiment.

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12
Q

Matched participants design.

A

Where participants are matched between groups by age, gender, IQ, etc., to reduce participant variables.

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13
Q

Standardization.

A

Keeping the procedure for each participant the same to ensure any differences between participants and conditions are due to the IV instead of the way the participants were treated.

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14
Q

Reliability.

A

The extent to which the study is consistent and can be repeated with similar results.

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15
Q

Internal validity.

A

Is the study valid within the context it is being studied. Did the study research what it set out to.

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16
Q

External validity.

A

The extent to which the study can be applied to the wider world.

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17
Q

Ecological validity.

A

The extent to which the study can be applied to real life.

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18
Q

Generalisability.

A

The extent to which the results of a study can be applied to a wider group.

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19
Q

Mundane realism.

A

Does the study match behaviours/things in the real world.

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20
Q

Self-report.

A

When a participant gives you information about themselves. (Interview, survey, questionnaire)

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21
Q

Questionnaire.

A

A form of self-reporting where participants answer a series of questions non-verbally.

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22
Q

Closed question.

A

Easy to analyze with yes or no, number, etc. based questions.

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23
Q

Open question.

A

A question that requires more detailed, in-depth answers that are harder to analyze.

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24
Q

Inter-rater reliability.

A

The extent that two or more researchers will interpret questions in the same way.

25
Q

Social desirability bias.

A

When participants lie in their answers to look more socially acceptable.

26
Q

Filler question.

A

A question to distract from the real aim of the questionnaire.

27
Q

Interview.

A

A question-and-answer verbal conversation where one person is trying to get information from the other. Can be face-to-face, by telephone, or online.

28
Q

Structured interview.

A

Following a set script of questions.

29
Q

Semi-structured interview.

A

A mix of set questions and a chance to follow a participants answers.

30
Q

Unstructured interview.

A

No set questions except for possibly the first question.

31
Q

Subjectivity.

A

An opinion open to interpretation and other points of view.

32
Q

Objectivity.

A

A statement/fact that is neutral and unbiased.

33
Q

Naturalistic observation.

A

When you observe people in their natural environment.

34
Q

Controlled observation.

A

When you observe people in a controlled environment. Can be social, physical, or both.

35
Q

Unstructured observation.

A

When the observer notes down everything that happens during the experiment. Usually done at the beginning of experiments.

36
Q

Structured observation.

A

When the observer only notes down certain observations.

37
Q

Behavioural categories.

A

When observations are placed into different categories for each behaviour.

38
Q

Participant observer.

A

When the observer takes part in the experiment and is among the participants.

39
Q

Non-participant observer.

A

When the observer is not part of the experiment.

40
Q

Overt observer.

A

The observer is able to be seen by the participants.

41
Q

Covert observer.

A

The observer is not able to be seen by the participants.

42
Q

Hypothesis.

A

States that there will be a relationship between variables. Correlation.

43
Q

Alternate hypothesis.

A

There will be a difference in relationship between two variables in a particular direction.

44
Q

Non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis.

A

There will be a difference in relationship between two variables but could be in either direction.

45
Q

Directional (one-tailed) hypothesis.

A

There will be a difference in relationship between two variables in a particular direction.

46
Q

Null hypothesis.

A

The relationship between the variables is caused by chance.

47
Q

Informed consent.

A

The participant must know enough about the study to decide if they want to participate.

48
Q

Right to withdraw.

A

The participant can remove themselves and their data at any point before, during, and after the study.

49
Q

Privacy.

A

Not invading a person’s emotional, physical, and social space and respecting them.

50
Q

Confidentiality.

A

Keeping a participant’s info and data private.

51
Q

Debriefing.

A

Fully explaining the study to the participants after the study is completed.

52
Q

Deception.

A

Not revealing the true aim of a study to ensure the study works properly.

53
Q

Replacement.

A

Can a video or computer-generated animal be used in place of a real animal.

54
Q

Species & Strain.

A

Is the species being used the one that brings the most benefit? Were the animals bred in captivity? Have they been used in previous experiments?

55
Q

Number of animals.

A

Is the minimum number of animals being used to minimise suffering?

56
Q

Procedures: Pain & Distress.

A

Are the procedures done to minimise pain and distress?

57
Q

Housing.

A

Are the animals isolated? Crowded? In their natural habitat?

58
Q

Reward, deprivation, & averse stimuli?

A

Reward good behaviour and do not punish negative behaviour.

59
Q

Anaesthesia, Analgesia, & Euthanasia.

A

Use anaesthetics for surgeries and procedures. Euthanise animals if the experiment causes lasting pain.

AS Psychology (5 decks)

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