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AS Psychology > Biological Approach 1 - Dement and Kleitman > Flashcards

Biological Approach 1 - Dement and Kleitman Flashcards

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1
Q

When was this study done?

A

1957

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2
Q

What is the circadian rhythm?

A

Your 24hr sleep/wake cycle.

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3
Q

What is an EEG?

A

An electroencephalograph. It records brain activity and eye movements.

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4
Q

What sort of experimental design is this study?

A

Repeated measures desgin.

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5
Q

What sort of experiment is this study?

A

Lab experiment.

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6
Q

How did Dement and Kleitman record participant’s brain waves and eye movements?

A

EEG and EOC.

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7
Q

What is the first aim?

A

Does dream recall differ between REM and nREM sleep?

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8
Q

What is the second aim?

A

Is there a positive correlation between subjective estimates of
dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking?

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9
Q

What is the third aim?

A

Are eye-movement patterns related to dream content?

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10
Q

What is the first hypothesis?

A

There is a connection between REM sleep and dreaming.

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11
Q

What is the second hypothesis?

A

There will be a significant positive correlation between the
length of REM and the estimated length of dreams.

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12
Q

What is the third hypothesis?

A

There will be a significant positive correlation between eye movements and the content of dreams.

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13
Q

What is the IV?

A

What stage of sleep (REM or nREM) the subject was woken up in.

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14
Q

What is the DV for hypothesis one?

A

Dreaming or not.

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15
Q

What is the DV for hypothesis two?

A

Dream length estimation (5 or 15 minutes).

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16
Q

What is the DV for hypothesis three?

A

Anecdotal evidence given by the dreamer.

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17
Q

What was used to wake the participants?

A

A loud, electronic bell.

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18
Q

How did the participants record their dreams?

A

They spoke into a voice recorder immediately after being woken up.

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19
Q

How many total dreams were recorded?

A

152

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20
Q

How many dreams were not recorded due to equipment failure or procedural failure transcribing them?

A

26

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21
Q

How many participants were there?

A

9: 2 women and 7 men.

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22
Q

How many participants withdrew?

A

4 (gender unknown).

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23
Q

How was the data of the 9 participants used?

A

5 were studied in depth, and the 4 that withdrew had their data used to confirm the results of the 5.

24
Q

What were some rules for the participants?

A

They were told not to have any caffeine or alcohol before the study.

25
Q

When would the participants arrive at the study?

A

Shortly before their normal bedtime.

26
Q

When would the experimenter ring the bell to wake a participant up?

A

At the end of a REM or nREM period so that participants could record their dreams. (If they had any).

27
Q

Why were the periods of dreaming time before being woken up altered?

A

To see if the estimated length of the dream corresponded to real time.

28
Q

What was the procedure for hypothesis one?

A
  • Participants were woken after REM or nREM sleep but not told which
  • Participants recorded their dream into a recorder right after (if they had one)
29
Q

How was the choice of being woken up after REM or nREM decided for procedure one?

A
  1. Random number generator for two participants.
  2. 3 REM than 3 nREM for one participant.
  3. Telling the participant they would only be woken in REM, but waking them randomly. (one participant).
  4. The experimenter chose. (one participant).
30
Q

What communication was there between the experimenter and the participants?

A

Very little.
Sometimes, after describing a dream, the experimenter would come into the room and ask the participant further questions.

31
Q

What was the procedure for hypothesis two?

A

Woken after 5 or 15 minutes in REM.
Guessed the duration of their dream.
Sometimes longer REM periods.
Words in dream narrative were counted.

32
Q

What was the procedure for hypothesis three?

A

EEG electrodes detect eye movements.
After 1 minute of a consistent eye movement, the participant was woken and asked to report their dream.

33
Q

What were the four types of eye movements experimenters looked for?

A

Mainly vertical
Mainly horizontal
Both vertical and horizontal
Little or no movement

34
Q

How did the experimenters compare the EEG results of the participants?

A

They took EEGs of awake participants who watched distant and close up activity.

35
Q

How many people had EEGs while they were awake for comparison?

A

5 participants
and
20 people outside the experiment.

36
Q

What is an example of a dream that has mainly horizontal eye movement?

A

Throwing a tomato back and forth.

37
Q

What is an example of a dream that has mainly vertical eye movement?

A

Climbing a ladder
Throwing basketballs

38
Q

What is an example of a dream that has mainly little or no eye movement?

A

Driving a car
Watching people in the distance

39
Q

What was the result of hypothesis one?

A

TRUE
There is a connection between REM and dreaming.

40
Q

What was the result of hypothesis two?

A

TRUE
There will be a significant positive correlation between the
length of REM and the estimated length of dreams.

41
Q

What was the result of hypothesis three?

A

TRUE
There is a correlation between the direction of eye movements and the content of dreams.

42
Q

How long did uninterrupted dream stages typically last?

A

3-50 minutes
Approx. 20 min. for the mean

43
Q

Were dream stages typically longer earlier or later in the night?

A

Later.

44
Q

Were rapid eye movements detected in the onset of sleep?

A

No.

45
Q

How varied was cycle length?

A

Different between participants, but consistent with each participant.

46
Q

When participants were woken from nREM sleep, which sleep did they return to?

A

nREM.

47
Q

When participants were woken from REM sleep, which sleep did they return to?

A

nREM. Except for late in the night when their body was trying to catch up on REM sleep.

48
Q

What conclusion can be drawn between dreaming and REM sleep?

A

Dreaming is reported from REM but not nREM sleep.

49
Q

What conclusion can be drawn about participants estimating dream length?

A

Participants can judge the length of their dream duration.

50
Q

What conclusion can be drawn between eye movement patterns and dream content?

A

Eye patterns do relate to dream content.

51
Q

Why was their occasional recall of dreams from nREM stages?

A

Likely because dreams are being recalled from the previous REM stage.

52
Q

What are results in an experiment?

A

The actual data uncovered by the experimenters often in numerical detail.

53
Q

What are conclusions in an experiment?

A

The inferences of the results and the interpretation of the results.

54
Q

What were the strengths of this experiment?

A

Lab experiment - standardised environment
Controlled extraneous variables
Quantitative data
Reduced demand characteristics due to the participants not being told about their brain waves

55
Q

What were the weaknesses of this experiment?

A

Low ecological validity
Small sample size - low generalisability
Self-reporting - could be influenced by participant’s personality rather than actual dream length
Sleep lab affected quality of sleep

56
Q

What is the GRAVE analysis of this experiment?

A

medium
high
medium
medium
high

57
Q

How could this study be improved?

A

A larger sample size
OR
Conducted in a participant’s home instead of a laboratory

AS Psychology (5 decks)

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