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Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a directional/one-tailed hypothesis and when would they be used

A

-predicts direction that change is expected to occur
-used when previous research has suggested direction of change

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2
Q

what is a non-directional/two-tailed hypothesis and when are they used

A

-predicts that change occurs, not specifying which direction
-used when there is no previous research

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3
Q

what is a null hypothesis

A

-suggests any results obtained from research is due to chance and not the IV the researcher has changed or the situation they created

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4
Q

4 types of experiment (brief)

A

-lab
-field
-quasi
-natural

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5
Q

what is a lab experiment + eval

A

-research done in an artificial lab env w max control over situational variables so IV can be clearly studied
-strengths: high reliability, control, quantitative data, able to use tech equipment
-limitations: LO ecological validity, demand characteristics

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6
Q

what is a field experiment + eval

A

-research done in a natural environment to the ppts (real-life setting). IV still manipulated
-strengths: ecological validity, LO demand characteristics
-limitations: potential ethical issues, LO control, low reliability

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7
Q

what is a natural experiment + eval

A

-research into the effects of an IV that the researcher is not controlling (naturally-occuring/would have still happened)
-strengths: ecological validity
-limitations: low reliability, difficult to randomise

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8
Q

what is a quasi experiment + eval

A

-experiment that compares 2 variables that cannot be changed (naturally occurring differences eg. between men and women)
-strengths: LO demand characteristics, ecological validity
-limitations: LO control over variables

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9
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

-subtle clue from researcher that makes the ppt aware of what the experimenter expects to find/how they are expected to behave
-reduce validity of research as behaviour is not natural

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10
Q

what is social desirability

A

-ppt changing their behaviours or answers to look good/be socially acceptable
-reduces validity of research as behaviour is not natural.

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11
Q

what is researcher bias/investigator effect

A

-researcher influencing the outcome of the research

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12
Q

what are situational variables and how are they controlled

A

-outside influences on the experiment eg. time of day, weather, noise
-controlled by: standardisation - all variables are the same for each ppt

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13
Q

what are order effects and examples

A

-occur when a ppt is asked to do a task more than once eg. in a repeated measures design
-eg. fatigue, boredom, practice

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14
Q

how are order effects controlled

A
  1. counter-balancing - switching order of tasks for each condition in RM design
  2. randomisation - order of tasks/presentation of data is decided at random
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15
Q

3 types of experimental design (brief)

A
  1. independent measures
  2. repeated measures
  3. matched pairs
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16
Q

what is the independent measures design + eval

A

-each ppt is used in only 1 condition - diff ppts in each condition
-strengths: control of order effects, less demand characteristics (less likely to guess aim)
-limitations: individual differences, requires more ppts

17
Q

what is the repeated measures design + eval

A

-same ppts used in each conditions
-strengths: LO individual differences, fewer ppts needed
-limitations: order effects

18
Q

-what is the matched pairs design + eval

A

-similar but different ppts used in each condition eg. twins
-strengths: no order effects, less demand characteristics
-limitations: small individual differences may affect results, time consuming to find matched pairs

19
Q

what is a structured observation

A

-researcher decides in advance what behaviours they will look for during an observation that can be recorded in a tally chart
-could involve event sampling or time sampling

20
Q

what is event sampling

A

-how many times a particular behaviour occurs

21
Q

what is time sampling

A

-count of all behaviours in a certain time period

22
Q

what is an unstructured observation

A

-researcher records all behaviour that occurs during obs

23
Q

what is a pilot study

A

-small scale, preliminary study to evaluate the feasability of the key steps in a future, full-scale project
-helps spot any confusion w info given to ppts or problems w task eg. too easy/hard

24
Q

what is a peer review

A

-2 or more psychologists working in a similar field review the findings without payment to assess methods and designs used, originality and validity of findings

25
Q

what is a meta-analysis

A

-statistical procedure that combines findings from multiple independent studies to increase the validity of conclusions

26
Q

5 types of sampling (brief)

A

-volunteer/self-selected
-opportunity
-random
-systematic
-stratified

27
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

-ppts selected from list at fixed intervals

28
Q

what is the stratified sampling

A

-ppts divided into sub-sets and then randomly sampled from those sets

29
Q

4 types of questions (brief)

A

-open
-closed
-contingent
-likert scales

30
Q

what are contingent questions

A

-follow on from previous q

31
Q

what are likert scales

A

-assess the strength of ppt’s opinion
(strongly agree, agree, etc)

32
Q

5 types of validity (brief)

A

-ecological
-face
-temporal
-predictive
-concurrent

33
Q

what is ecological validity

A

-Whether findings from a research study can be generalised to real life settings.

34
Q

what is face validity

A

-Whether a research method measures what its supposed to measure.

35
Q

what is temporal validity

A

-whether findings from a research study can be generalised to other time periods

36
Q

what is predictive validity

A

-whether research can predict future actions/events/behaviour w some accuracy

37
Q

what is concurrent validity

A

-whether 2 methods of research are comparable and obtain similar results

38
Q
A

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