Approaches Flashcards
assumptions of psychodynamic approach
-all behaviour can be explained by deep-rooted, psychological conflict within the UNconscious mind
-childhood experiences also have an influence on later life
3 parts of tripartite personality (brief, PSD)
- id
- ego
- superego
role of id + principle
-biological, innate, instinctive part of personality
-source of unconscious desires and demands immediate gratification (hunger, thirst, sex)
-present at birth
-pleasure principle
role of ego + principle
-conscious part of personality + develops between 1-3yrs
-mediates conflict between id and superego by meeting needs of id in socially acceptable ways
-uses defence mechanisms to solve conflict
-reality principle
role of superego + principle
-responsible for unconscious morals based on our internalised same sex parent
-ensures ego doesnt use unacceptable measures to satisfy id
-develops between 5-6
-2 parts: conscience (tells us what we should NOT do, makes us feel guilty), ego ideal (tells us what we should do, makes us feel proud)
-morality principle
3 defence mechanisms (brief, PSD)
- repression
- denial
- displacement
why are defense mechanisms needed
-triggered when we are confronted w a situation that we are unable to deal w
-defense mechanisms distort reality on an unconscious level (we are unaware of them) and reduce anxiety associated w the situation
what is repression
-defense mechanism
-unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses from the conscious mind
-affects behaviour without the person being aware
-eg. painful childhood memories
what is denial
-defense mechanism
-refusal to accept reality to avoid painful feelings
-eg. alcoholics often deny theyre an alcoholic even after being arrested/confronted
what is displacement
-defense mechanism
-redirecting thoughts/feelings from original target to a more acceptable one
-occurs when person feels unable to express feelings in presence of person they should be directed to
-eg. being angry at ur dad so shouting at ur sister
psychosexual stages of development + ages (brief)
- oral - 0-1
- anal - 2-3
- phallic - 3-6
- latency - 6 - puberty
- genital - beyond puberty
what is the oedipus complex
-occurs in boys in the phallic stage of development
-boys develop unconscious desire for mother but realise they cant compete w their dad
-develop castration anxiety and fear their father will castrate them if they find out abt the desire for their mother
-anxiety overcome by internalising fathers morals (become superego) and believe if they become more masculine their father will like them and not want to castrate them
what is the electra complex
-girls believe they dont have a penis because their mother castrated them, so turn to their father for love in hope of regaining their penis.
-girls have penis envy for rest of their lives unless they have a male baby, male lover or a career
-believe girls have weaker morals and superego as they dont identify as strongly w same-sex parent due to not having castration anxiety
reasons for and outcome of oral fixation
-over/under fed as baby
-early weaning
-smoking
-biting nails
-dependency
-aggression
reasons for and outcome of anal fixation
-too harsh/lax potty training
-anally retentive: tidy, obsessive, mean/cruel
-anally expulsive: untidy, generous, impulsive
reasons for and outcome of phallic fixation
-abnormal family dynamics leading to unusual relationship w mother/father
-vanity
-self-obsession
-sexual anxiety
strengths of psychodynamic (PSD) approach
-case study evidence - Little Hans
-Explanatory power - eg. personality development, abnormal behaviour, morality, gender
-practical applications- psychoanalysis therapies
limitations of psychodynamic (PSD) approach
-case study method - not generalisable, subjective interpretation
-untestable concepts mean it isnt scientific
wundt introspection - explanation
-claimed mental processes such as memory and perception could be observed using introspection where ppts describe the inner processes they experienced during a certain stimulus
assumptions of behaviourism
-all behaviour is learnt from our environment
-animals and humans learn in the same ways (so animal experiments are useful)
strengths of behaviourism
-practical app - led to development of SD treatment for phobias
-research support - watson and rayner - little albert -hit metal rod every time albert touched white rat, so he started to fear rat
-scientific method - lab experiments = reliable
limitations of behaviourism
-animals studies - results cant always be generalised to humans and unethical
-reductionist - ignores biological factors that can influence behaviour as its firmly nurture
assumptions of SLT
-learn through observation and imitation of others behaviour
bandura bobo dolls exp - SLT
36 boys and 36 girls in groups:
1. shown model hitting doll
2. shown model normal play w doll
-children who were shown aggressive model were more aggressive (1/3 repeated behaviour)
-boys imitated more physically aggressive acts than girls
5 features of SLT (brief)
- modelling
- identification
- imitation
- vicarious reinforcement
- mediational processes
what is modelling SLT
providing example of behaviour that can be observed and later reproduced
what is identification SLT
a person that identifies w the model is more likely to imitate their behaviour eg. same sex model and child
what is imitation SLT
when a person copies/reproduces the behaviour of a model they identify w
what is vicarious reinforcement SLT
we observe the consequences of behaviour before reproduction, instead of immediately after
eg. child seeing another being rewarded for a behaviour is more likely to reproduce it
what are mediational processes SLT
cognitive aspect of SLT that suggests there
