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Psychology yr1 > Research methods > Flashcards

Research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what is interanl validity

A

where a study has no other variable influnce (confou ding variables) experiment depandan variables can be juged arrising manipulatio of the indepentant variable rather than extrain variables

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2
Q

what is extranous varibles

A

other variables which are not being stuided in the experiment

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3
Q

Why can EVs be a problem

A

.EVS are a problem for an internal vailidty but especialy when they become confounding variables

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4
Q

what are the 5 types of EV

A

.participant evs
.situaltinal evs
.ordoer effects
.demand charachteristics
. investigatore effects

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5
Q

what are participant EVs

A

things that make the parinticpent themselfts ie age, gender

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6
Q

what is situational evS

A

where the experimant sitation \ location is , noise

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7
Q

what is order effects

A

type of extran variabe

is the order in which and experimnal design is complested as it might effect there performance making them to peforem worese becase they are bored or peform better becase they have had practice

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8
Q

what are demand characteristics

A

type of extraines variable
that rise artifal nature of the experiment case the participnats th rightly or wrongley guess the aim of the experimant leading them to alter and change there behavour to ither please you effect ie the of the resarcher or the srew you effect of the resacher this will mean that the dv is affected

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9
Q

what is the investigtor effect

A

type of ev that the rescher consciusly or unconsciously influences the dependant variable of the participant as there actions may lead to the participants altering there behaviours

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10
Q

what are confounding variables

A

extranous variables (varibles that arent being stuided by the researcher ) casuing significant problems in a internal valitidy

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of ways that confounding variables differs from an EVS

A

. they vary systematically with the indepnat variable meaning
.the confounding varivble has an effect on the dv

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12
Q

what are some problems with confounding variables

A

. introde a second independant variabel (one that the resarcher dosent intend to study ) as this would lead it to the rescherr not being able to identify if the study there is a change dur to the confounding variabel or the vependant variable

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13
Q

CONTROLING EXTRAINOUS VARIBES

A
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14
Q

What are expermental controll

A

mimuises the impact of extrauins variables on internal valitidy
.prevents evs becoming confounding

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15
Q

what are the 5 controll methods

A

. RANDOM ALLOCATION
.STANDARIZATION
.COUNTERBALANCING
.SINGLE BLIND OR DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE

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16
Q

How is random allocation carried out

A

.use hat method
all participants are given numbers
numbers are on a pience of paper in the hat and then the numbers are pulled out the hat

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17
Q

which desigh control is randomisation stuiable for

A

all designs

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18
Q

why is it randomation effective withing internal validity

A

.participants evs are controlled bc they are evenly distrubeted This makes it easier to infer that any change in the DV is solely due to the manipulation of the IV, thereby improving internal validity.

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19
Q

how is random allocation carried out

A

.using the hat method
All the participants are given a number. · The numbers are written on a piece of paper and the pieces of paper are put in a hat · Half the pieces of paper are withdrawn randomly. The relevant names are put in condition 1.

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20
Q

what designs is control
suitable for?

A

indeendant group

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21
Q

why is ran

A
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22
Q

how is counterbalncing caried out

A

All participants are given a number and the numbers are written on pieces of paper and put in a hat. · Half the pieces of paper are withdrawn randomly. · The participants matching these numbers are required to do condition A first and then B. All the remaining participants complete condition B first and then A

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23
Q

Which designs is

control suitable for

A

repeated measures

24
Q

Explain why the control is effective

A

not all participants will complete the conditions in the same orde and the order effects will be distrubuted evenly across the condions
.easire to infer any chamged in the ds is soley due to the mainipulatio. of the iv
.improves internal validity

25
Q

Outline how control is
standardisation
carried out

A

list of sitation evs and that there all the same for thre participiants ie everthing is identical to the time of the day

26
Q

what type of design is it suitble for

A

all designs

27
Q

Explain why the standardiastion is effective

A

participants in different conditions experience the same situation. This reduces the likelihood that situational EVs can be come confounding, thereby improving internal validity.

28
Q

Outline how control is
Single-blind and double-blind procedurecarried out

A

The researcher hires other people to carry out their experiment. Neither the experimenters nor the participants are told the aim of the experiment. If possible, other information that might allow them guess the aim (e.g., knowledge of other conditions) is withheld too

29
Q

Which designs is control

suitable for?

A

Suitable for all design

30
Q

TYES OF EXERIMENTS

A
31
Q

WHAT are the four experiments called

A

Laboratory experiment
Field experiment
Quasi-experiment
Natural experiment

32
Q

what is lab exeriment

A

.TRUE EXERIMNT
resacher can direclty mainpulate the independant variable
randomly allocate participants to each condone
.controlled and carried in a lab
.controlled envireoment

33
Q

is field experiment

A

TRUE EXERIMENT
Carried out in naturalistic conditions. This means the research environment is an environment where participants would naturally be found (e.g., in a public setting.resacher can direclty mainpulate the independant variable
randomly allocate participants to each condone

34
Q

what is Quasi-experiment

A

NOT TRUE EXPERIMNET
. No direct manipulation if the iv
bc the recsher has picked oyt sm that the person has alredy been determinerd ie age or gemder
.no random allocation

35
Q

what is Natural experiment

A

NOT TRUE EXERIMENT
Natrual experminent by natrual occouring events
withought the resachers influnence
. consquently no random allocation

36
Q

EXTRNAL VALADITY AND SAMPLING

A
37
Q

WHAT IS a Sample

A

groue of pp taking part in resach investigation

38
Q

what is target population

A

group of pp who fouce on resachers intrestst

39
Q

what is sampling bias

A

ceriant groupe ios ither over reprsaisented or under represented eg femals

40
Q

what is generlisable

A

finds and concluestions be applied to a target popualtion

41
Q

what is represenative

A

sample refects charachteristcs of the target population

42
Q

what is sampling techique

A

method used to creat a sample of a population

43
Q

what is population validity

A

type of external validity which describes how well the sample used can be used to represent a target populatio

44
Q

what is External validity

A

type of validity which is concerned with the extent to which research findings can be generalised outside the context of the study.

45
Q

whhat are the five samleing technigues

A

.Random
.Systematic sample
Stratified sample
.oppotuiniyt sample
.volunter sample

46
Q

what is random

A

Make a list of the target population (e.g., all the students at Wren)

· Give all names a number and write numbers on pieces of paper

· Put pieces of paper in hat

· Draw the appropriate number of pieces of paper from the hat and matching names will be participants in the sample.

47
Q

what is systematic sample

A

Create a list of the target population

· Create a sampling frame by putting the list of the target population in some kind of order (e.g., alphabetical)

· Create sampling system (e.g., pick every 3rd name on list)

· Go through sampling frame and select participants using sampling system until sample is compl

48
Q

what is strafied sampling

A

Make a list of the target population

· Create list of strata (strata means a category of people e.g., age or gender) for target population that the researcher considers important if they want to create a representative sample (e.g., gender)

· Work out proportions of strata in target pop (e.g., 50:50 male/female in Wren Academy)

· Use random sampling to select the right amount of participants from each strata of the target population

49
Q

what is Opportunity sample

A

Researcher simply asks any available members of the target population to participate (e.g., first 10 people walking in the street who agree to participate)

50
Q

Volunteer sample

A

Place an advert where members of the target population will see it

· Sample are those people who volunteer (self-select)

51
Q

what is an empirical method

A

where scientists collect data though actual experiences eg observation or experiment

52
Q

what is objectivity

A

where a reachs bias and interpretation are kept to a minimum

53
Q

how can scinetsc make sure that there biases is kept to a mimimim

A

quantitive data that is interpreted in a mimil interpretation

54
Q

what is theory of construction

A

are thrones that are explanations of phenomena

55
Q

what is hypothesis testing

A

a hypothesis is a stable predictionof an element of a theory
is a process through which theories are tested

56
Q

what is falsifiability

A

where theoretically prove wrong when it cant be called a scientific theory

Psychology yr1 (6 decks)

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