Research methods Flashcards
what is interanl validity
where a study has no other variable influnce (confou ding variables) experiment depandan variables can be juged arrising manipulatio of the indepentant variable rather than extrain variables
what is extranous varibles
other variables which are not being stuided in the experiment
Why can EVs be a problem
.EVS are a problem for an internal vailidty but especialy when they become confounding variables
what are the 5 types of EV
.participant evs
.situaltinal evs
.ordoer effects
.demand charachteristics
. investigatore effects
what are participant EVs
things that make the parinticpent themselfts ie age, gender
what is situational evS
where the experimant sitation \ location is , noise
what is order effects
type of extran variabe
is the order in which and experimnal design is complested as it might effect there performance making them to peforem worese becase they are bored or peform better becase they have had practice
what are demand characteristics
type of extraines variable
that rise artifal nature of the experiment case the participnats th rightly or wrongley guess the aim of the experimant leading them to alter and change there behavour to ither please you effect ie the of the resarcher or the srew you effect of the resacher this will mean that the dv is affected
what is the investigtor effect
type of ev that the rescher consciusly or unconsciously influences the dependant variable of the participant as there actions may lead to the participants altering there behaviours
what are confounding variables
extranous variables (varibles that arent being stuided by the researcher ) casuing significant problems in a internal valitidy
what are the 2 types of ways that confounding variables differs from an EVS
. they vary systematically with the indepnat variable meaning
.the confounding varivble has an effect on the dv
what are some problems with confounding variables
. introde a second independant variabel (one that the resarcher dosent intend to study ) as this would lead it to the rescherr not being able to identify if the study there is a change dur to the confounding variabel or the vependant variable
CONTROLING EXTRAINOUS VARIBES
What are expermental controll
mimuises the impact of extrauins variables on internal valitidy
.prevents evs becoming confounding
what are the 5 controll methods
. RANDOM ALLOCATION
.STANDARIZATION
.COUNTERBALANCING
.SINGLE BLIND OR DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE
How is random allocation carried out
.use hat method
all participants are given numbers
numbers are on a pience of paper in the hat and then the numbers are pulled out the hat
which desigh control is randomisation stuiable for
all designs
why is it randomation effective withing internal validity
.participants evs are controlled bc they are evenly distrubeted This makes it easier to infer that any change in the DV is solely due to the manipulation of the IV, thereby improving internal validity.
how is random allocation carried out
.using the hat method
All the participants are given a number. · The numbers are written on a piece of paper and the pieces of paper are put in a hat · Half the pieces of paper are withdrawn randomly. The relevant names are put in condition 1.
what designs is control
suitable for?
indeendant group
why is ran
how is counterbalncing caried out
All participants are given a number and the numbers are written on pieces of paper and put in a hat. · Half the pieces of paper are withdrawn randomly. · The participants matching these numbers are required to do condition A first and then B. All the remaining participants complete condition B first and then A
Which designs is
control suitable for
repeated measures
Explain why the control is effective
not all participants will complete the conditions in the same orde and the order effects will be distrubuted evenly across the condions
.easire to infer any chamged in the ds is soley due to the mainipulatio. of the iv
.improves internal validity
Outline how control is
standardisation
carried out
list of sitation evs and that there all the same for thre participiants ie everthing is identical to the time of the day
what type of design is it suitble for
all designs
Explain why the standardiastion is effective
participants in different conditions experience the same situation. This reduces the likelihood that situational EVs can be come confounding, thereby improving internal validity.
Outline how control is
Single-blind and double-blind procedurecarried out
The researcher hires other people to carry out their experiment. Neither the experimenters nor the participants are told the aim of the experiment. If possible, other information that might allow them guess the aim (e.g., knowledge of other conditions) is withheld too
Which designs is control
suitable for?
Suitable for all design
TYES OF EXERIMENTS
WHAT are the four experiments called
Laboratory experiment
Field experiment
Quasi-experiment
Natural experiment
what is lab exeriment
.TRUE EXERIMNT
resacher can direclty mainpulate the independant variable
randomly allocate participants to each condone
.controlled and carried in a lab
.controlled envireoment
is field experiment
TRUE EXERIMENT
Carried out in naturalistic conditions. This means the research environment is an environment where participants would naturally be found (e.g., in a public setting.resacher can direclty mainpulate the independant variable
randomly allocate participants to each condone
what is Quasi-experiment
NOT TRUE EXPERIMNET
. No direct manipulation if the iv
bc the recsher has picked oyt sm that the person has alredy been determinerd ie age or gemder
.no random allocation
what is Natural experiment
NOT TRUE EXERIMENT
Natrual experminent by natrual occouring events
withought the resachers influnence
. consquently no random allocation
EXTRNAL VALADITY AND SAMPLING
WHAT IS a Sample
groue of pp taking part in resach investigation
what is target population
group of pp who fouce on resachers intrestst
what is sampling bias
ceriant groupe ios ither over reprsaisented or under represented eg femals
what is generlisable
finds and concluestions be applied to a target popualtion
what is represenative
sample refects charachteristcs of the target population
what is sampling techique
method used to creat a sample of a population
what is population validity
type of external validity which describes how well the sample used can be used to represent a target populatio
what is External validity
type of validity which is concerned with the extent to which research findings can be generalised outside the context of the study.
whhat are the five samleing technigues
.Random
.Systematic sample
Stratified sample
.oppotuiniyt sample
.volunter sample
what is random
Make a list of the target population (e.g., all the students at Wren)
· Give all names a number and write numbers on pieces of paper
· Put pieces of paper in hat
· Draw the appropriate number of pieces of paper from the hat and matching names will be participants in the sample.
what is systematic sample
Create a list of the target population
· Create a sampling frame by putting the list of the target population in some kind of order (e.g., alphabetical)
· Create sampling system (e.g., pick every 3rd name on list)
· Go through sampling frame and select participants using sampling system until sample is compl
what is strafied sampling
Make a list of the target population
· Create list of strata (strata means a category of people e.g., age or gender) for target population that the researcher considers important if they want to create a representative sample (e.g., gender)
· Work out proportions of strata in target pop (e.g., 50:50 male/female in Wren Academy)
· Use random sampling to select the right amount of participants from each strata of the target population
what is Opportunity sample
Researcher simply asks any available members of the target population to participate (e.g., first 10 people walking in the street who agree to participate)
Volunteer sample
Place an advert where members of the target population will see it
· Sample are those people who volunteer (self-select)
what is an empirical method
where scientists collect data though actual experiences eg observation or experiment
what is objectivity
where a reachs bias and interpretation are kept to a minimum
how can scinetsc make sure that there biases is kept to a mimimim
quantitive data that is interpreted in a mimil interpretation
what is theory of construction
are thrones that are explanations of phenomena
what is hypothesis testing
a hypothesis is a stable predictionof an element of a theory
is a process through which theories are tested
what is falsifiability
where theoretically prove wrong when it cant be called a scientific theory
