psychopathology

Question 1

what model was used by mower In 1960 to explain phobias

Answer 1

two-process model

Question 2

how is the two -process model acquired and maintained

Answer 2

acquired by classical condoning and maintained through operant conditioning

Question 3

explain step by step the process of a phobia in two-process modelling

Answer 3

the pre-condoning stage where the object that they fear is a neutral stimulus meaning that a person has not yet learnt to fear it

in the condoned stage NS is experiencing uncondioned stimuli (ICS)that produce an unconditioned response of fear in so we have a fear of

Question 4

why are people with phobias scared of more that one stimuli

Answer 4

bc the behaviourist concept of stimulus generation that makes a persons fear a conditioned fear to a general object ie if they are scared only a pigeon they will develop a phobia to all birds

Question 5

what is the role of operant conditioning in maintaining phobia within

Answer 5

Wishin Mowers argument that if a phobia isn’t maintained then it can become extinct and if the person encounters the CS with ought also the ups will produce a cur fear it will fade

Question 6

why dose extinction fails

Answer 6

BC pp with a phobia avoid the object of their phobia leading them never to dissociate the object of their phobias cs with something they fear ics

Question 7

why dose the phobia not become extinct when pp avoid them

Answer 7

bc there is a reward towards the avoidance of fear and negatively reinforced and if they avoid the stimuli then there extension will not occur and then the phobia will be maintained

Question 8

conclution

Question 9

treating phobias

Question 10

how is flooding used to treat phobias

Answer 10

The patient is exposed to the phobia stimulus for an extended period of time 2-3 hours in a safe environment
.therpist gives them little assistance only teaching and helping them with breathing techniques so the patient can stay in the room longer
The round only ends the if the patient can be calm in the room the object

Question 11

how is systematic desensitization used

Answer 11

. clint makes the anxiety hierarchy of all the stimuli that is associated with phobia that case anxiety
. from lowest to highest anxiety that is produced

Question 12

what is step 2 of systematic

Answer 12

relaxation training is used to teach the patient how to control there breathing and meditation to help them reduce their anxiety
. exposer stage is where the client is completely relaxed for them to move on to the next higher stage

Question 13

why are flooding and systematic sensitisation effective?

Answer 13

.treated by classical conditioning as the patient learns to remain calm with there object associated with a phobia

Question 14

a* reason why flooding is good

Answer 14

they specific type of classical conditioning, counterconditioning replaces the old learnt stimuli with a new and more desirable response eg fear is replaced by relaxation

Question 15

what is the difference between Flooding and SD?

Answer 15

iclduced feelings of relaxation are different
as the hormone adrenaline causes the fear response only lasts a few hours so if there is no threat then the adrenaline will wear off
.sd therapist teaches relaxation techquies to create a feeling of relaxation

Question 16

what is another way that flooding and sd work

Answer 16

preventing avoidance the pation can’t maintain there phobia by avoiding it

Question 17

similarities of flooding and systematic desentationation

Answer 17

Effective of preventing avoidance to stop maintaining phobia
.contercondioning - so the fear disappears and is replaced with relaxation

Question 18

diffrences of flooding and systematic d

Answer 18

. how the fear is overcome as flooding is time limited so it disappears over time but SD is taught how to stay relaxed
. coast flooding is cheaper as only one session is needed but SD is more expensive as the fear is replaced gradually
.flooding is less ethical as there is more psychological distress sd is less traumatic therefore less harm

Question 19

Explaing deprssion

Question 20

who where the 2 cognitive explanation for depresion

Answer 20

ellis and beck

Question 21

what did ellis and beck develope

Answer 21

a cognitive explanation for depression

Question 22

what are some extra notes about internal mental procese

Answer 22

is emphases on how people beahave and feel as it is that which effects the the internal mental prosecess

Question 23

what is elliss ABC model

Answer 23

used to understand and modify problematic behavior patterns by identifying the antecedents (A), behaviors (B), and consequences (C) that are involved.

Question 24

what id masturbatory thinking that Ellis identified

Answer 24

It is the range of expectations that a person has for their life being a certain order for them to be happy and if something goes out of their favour then they could develop depression as a consequence

Question 25

what are some examples of beliefs that could lead to depression?

Answer 25

.i must always perform well otherwise I am bad

Question 26

what is becks negative triad

Answer 26

beck thought that some people have a pattern called negative traits that make them more likely tp have depression

Question 27

These re the 3 examples of the negative trait

Answer 27

. negative thoughts about the self -might have a range of physical and psychological morals
. negative thoughts about the world - seeing the everyday outcomes in a negative way
. negative thoughts about the future -

Question 28

what is an example of the behavioural and emotional characteristics of depression

Answer 28

a person with negative views of themselves might express emotional aspects of depression ie self-harm

Question 29

what dose beck belive that negative trait originated from

Answer 29

.critisim, abuse and bullying
. to a person forming negative schemas means the person has experiences in a negative way

Question 30

Similarities between beck and ellie

Answer 30

.dysfunctional thought process creates a person to be unable to depression

Question 31

2 difrences between beck and ellies

Answer 31

.irational thinking causes depression in different ways ie Negative thinking vs mustaborty thinking
.

Question 32

TREATING DEPRESION

Question 33

what is CBT

Answer 33

its a type of thrapies that treat the underlining depression that is cased by irratioal thouight
.it is challanged

Question 34

why dose cbt challenge irrational thought process

Answer 34

changes in behavioural changes as well as challening irrational thinking

Question 35

what are the 4 techines called in CBT

Answer 35

. Logial disputing
.emperical disputing
.homework
. behaviula activiation

Question 36

what is logical disputing

Answer 36

where the therapist disputes the underlying logic behind the irrational thought

Question 37

what is an example of logical disputing

Answer 37

a question that can be asked to the paitent who thinkings that her work cologues hate her bc they didnt smile at her back ,
“if a person fails to smile at someone dose dose it alwayse mean that they hate them “

Question 38

what is emprical disputing

Answer 38

the theripist will ask the patient if there irraionl thought has any suffient evidence

Question 39

example of emprical disputing

Answer 39

a therapist might ask a patient who believes that there friends hate them “Is there any evidence that your friends do hate you , ie have they smiled at you today |”

Question 40

what is homework

Answer 40

the thearpist asks the paient to challange there irration thought outise the thearpy session by gatherting evidence

Question 41

example of homework

Answer 41

therapist will ask a patient to ask there friends for a drink who they belive that they dont like thema anymore

Question 42

what is behavioal activation

Answer 42

the therapist would ask the patient to find activities that trigger a low mood. cause them to irrationally think

Question 43

exaple of beahvioal acrtiation

Answer 43

whent here low mood hits tto exise or meet friends