psychopathology Flashcards
what model was used by mower In 1960 to explain phobias
two-process model
how is the two -process model acquired and maintained
acquired by classical condoning and maintained through operant conditioning
explain step by step the process of a phobia in two-process modelling
the pre-condoning stage where the object that they fear is a neutral stimulus meaning that a person has not yet learnt to fear it
in the condoned stage NS is experiencing uncondioned stimuli (ICS)that produce an unconditioned response of fear in so we have a fear of
why are people with phobias scared of more that one stimuli
bc the behaviourist concept of stimulus generation that makes a persons fear a conditioned fear to a general object ie if they are scared only a pigeon they will develop a phobia to all birds
what is the role of operant conditioning in maintaining phobia within
Wishin Mowers argument that if a phobia isn’t maintained then it can become extinct and if the person encounters the CS with ought also the ups will produce a cur fear it will fade
why dose extinction fails
BC pp with a phobia avoid the object of their phobia leading them never to dissociate the object of their phobias cs with something they fear ics
why dose the phobia not become extinct when pp avoid them
bc there is a reward towards the avoidance of fear and negatively reinforced and if they avoid the stimuli then there extension will not occur and then the phobia will be maintained
conclution
treating phobias
how is flooding used to treat phobias
The patient is exposed to the phobia stimulus for an extended period of time 2-3 hours in a safe environment
.therpist gives them little assistance only teaching and helping them with breathing techniques so the patient can stay in the room longer
The round only ends the if the patient can be calm in the room the object
how is systematic desensitization used
. clint makes the anxiety hierarchy of all the stimuli that is associated with phobia that case anxiety
. from lowest to highest anxiety that is produced
what is step 2 of systematic
relaxation training is used to teach the patient how to control there breathing and meditation to help them reduce their anxiety
. exposer stage is where the client is completely relaxed for them to move on to the next higher stage
why are flooding and systematic sensitisation effective?
.treated by classical conditioning as the patient learns to remain calm with there object associated with a phobia
a* reason why flooding is good
they specific type of classical conditioning, counterconditioning replaces the old learnt stimuli with a new and more desirable response eg fear is replaced by relaxation
what is the difference between Flooding and SD?
iclduced feelings of relaxation are different
as the hormone adrenaline causes the fear response only lasts a few hours so if there is no threat then the adrenaline will wear off
.sd therapist teaches relaxation techquies to create a feeling of relaxation
what is another way that flooding and sd work
preventing avoidance the pation can’t maintain there phobia by avoiding it
similarities of flooding and systematic desentationation
Effective of preventing avoidance to stop maintaining phobia
.contercondioning - so the fear disappears and is replaced with relaxation
diffrences of flooding and systematic d
. how the fear is overcome as flooding is time limited so it disappears over time but SD is taught how to stay relaxed
. coast flooding is cheaper as only one session is needed but SD is more expensive as the fear is replaced gradually
.flooding is less ethical as there is more psychological distress sd is less traumatic therefore less harm
Explaing deprssion
who where the 2 cognitive explanation for depresion
ellis and beck
what did ellis and beck develope
a cognitive explanation for depression
what are some extra notes about internal mental procese
is emphases on how people beahave and feel as it is that which effects the the internal mental prosecess
what is elliss ABC model
used to understand and modify problematic behavior patterns by identifying the antecedents (A), behaviors (B), and consequences (C) that are involved.
what id masturbatory thinking that Ellis identified
It is the range of expectations that a person has for their life being a certain order for them to be happy and if something goes out of their favour then they could develop depression as a consequence
what are some examples of beliefs that could lead to depression?
.i must always perform well otherwise I am bad
what is becks negative triad
beck thought that some people have a pattern called negative traits that make them more likely tp have depression
These re the 3 examples of the negative trait
. negative thoughts about the self -might have a range of physical and psychological morals
. negative thoughts about the world - seeing the everyday outcomes in a negative way
. negative thoughts about the future -
what is an example of the behavioural and emotional characteristics of depression
a person with negative views of themselves might express emotional aspects of depression ie self-harm
what dose beck belive that negative trait originated from
.critisim, abuse and bullying
. to a person forming negative schemas means the person has experiences in a negative way
Similarities between beck and ellie
.dysfunctional thought process creates a person to be unable to depression
2 difrences between beck and ellies
.irational thinking causes depression in different ways ie Negative thinking vs mustaborty thinking
.
TREATING DEPRESION
what is CBT
its a type of thrapies that treat the underlining depression that is cased by irratioal thouight
.it is challanged
why dose cbt challenge irrational thought process
changes in behavioural changes as well as challening irrational thinking
what are the 4 techines called in CBT
. Logial disputing
.emperical disputing
.homework
. behaviula activiation
what is logical disputing
where the therapist disputes the underlying logic behind the irrational thought
what is an example of logical disputing
a question that can be asked to the paitent who thinkings that her work cologues hate her bc they didnt smile at her back ,
“if a person fails to smile at someone dose dose it alwayse mean that they hate them “
what is emprical disputing
the theripist will ask the patient if there irraionl thought has any suffient evidence
example of emprical disputing
a therapist might ask a patient who believes that there friends hate them “Is there any evidence that your friends do hate you , ie have they smiled at you today |”
what is homework
the thearpist asks the paient to challange there irration thought outise the thearpy session by gatherting evidence
example of homework
therapist will ask a patient to ask there friends for a drink who they belive that they dont like thema anymore
what is behavioal activation
the therapist would ask the patient to find activities that trigger a low mood. cause them to irrationally think
exaple of beahvioal acrtiation
whent here low mood hits tto exise or meet friends
