Research Methods

Question 1

Directional hypothesis

Answer 1

A hypothesis that goes in a certain direction. “More or less likely”

Question 2

Non directional hypothesis

Answer 2

Has no direction, “there will be a difference”

Question 3

Operationalising variables

Answer 3

Clearly stating with an iv or dv

Question 4

Iv

Answer 4

The thing being changed (the stimuli)

Question 5

Dv

Answer 5

What the result is

Question 6

Extraneous variables

Answer 6

Any variable other than the iv that may affect the dv
→ environmental
→ lack of standardisation
→ participant variables
→ demand characteristics
→ researcher bias

Question 7

Validity

Answer 7

The legitimacy of results
→ internal - face validity, concurrent
→ external - ecological, population, temporal

Question 8

Reliability

Answer 8

Consistency
Internal → inter rater

Question 9

Ethics

Answer 9

Informed consent /privacyi confidentiality,deception / right to withdraw / protection from harm

Question 10

Lab experiment

Answer 10

→ controlled and scientific
S- control
S- easily repeatable
W- artificial
W-demand characteristics
W-ethics

Question 11

Field experiment

Answer 11

Natural environment
S- ecological validity
S-demand characteristics
W- less control
W-ethics

Question 12

Quasi

Answer 12

‘takes advantage of naturally occurring iv
S- ethics
S-study real problems,
W- control
W-rare
W-ethics

Question 13

Independent groups

Answer 13

Different ppts in each group

S-no demand characteristics
S-no order effects

W-participant variables

Question 14

Repeated measures design

Answer 14

Same participants in each condition
S- no participant variables
S- number of participants
W-order effects

Question 15

Matched pairs

Answer 15

Parts are matched for each condition
S-no order effects
S- no participant variables
W-time consuming

Question 16

Questionnaires

Answer 16

S - Easily repeatable
S - more willing to reveal personal info

W- social desirability

W- sample bias

Question 17

Closed questions

Answer 17

✓ quantitative data
X forced to select answers that don’t actually represent them

Question 18

Open questions

Answer 18

✓ can provide detail
X difficult to analyst

Question 19

Structured

Answer 19

Decided in advance
✓ easily repeatable
✓ easy to analyse
X may not be truthful due to social desirability bias
X interviewer bias

Question 20

Unstructured interviews

Answer 20

✓ more detail
✓ Extra information
✓ Ecological validity
X interviewer bias
X trained interviewer
X difficult to summarise

Question 21

Correlation

Answer 21

Positive correlation → variables increase together

Zero correlation → no correlation
Negative correlation → one ↑ one ↓

Question 22

Case study

Answer 22

✓ unusual instances
✓ detailed data
✓ complex interaction
X lacks generalisability
X unreliable
X lack objectivity

Question 23

Random sampling

Answer 23

Equal chance of being selected
✓ fair chance
X may be impractical and not generalisable

Question 24

Opportunity

Answer 24

Whoever is available
✓ quick
X not representative

Question 25

Volunteer

Answer 25

Whoever volunteers
✓ large number of people
X may navebias

Question 26

Systematic

Answer 26

Select person from split groups
✓ evenly sampled and representative
X

Question 27

Stratified

Answer 27

’ Layers of population
/Sample smallest subgroups.
X detailed knowledge of population

Question 28

Nominal data

Answer 28

Categorical data

Question 29

Ordinal data

Answer 29

Subjective opinion
Ranking

Question 30

Interval data

Answer 30

-Objective-fact - numerical scales -units of measurement

Question 31

Calculating a sign test

Answer 31

Calculate difference between two conditions ignore if difference is zero
Count up - and + lowest number is the s value

Question 32

Paradigm

Answer 32

• Thomas Kuhn
• paradigm-universally accepted idea shift when new evidence is found

Question 33

Force

Answer 33

F-falsifiability - ability to prove something wrongs
O-objectivity - no bias
R- replicability, nigh in reliability
C- full theory construction
E- empirical-experience -see it