Memory

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

The process of retaining information that is no longer there

Question 2

Multistore model

Answer 2

Envi…………….Attention…..transfer
Sensory register → STM → LTM
……….. Rehearsal loop……..retrieval

Question 3

Sensory register

Answer 3

Capacity= unlimited
Encoding = modality specific → echoic=acoustic… iconic - visual
Duration = 250 miliseconds

Question 4

STM

Answer 4

Capacity= 7+-2
Duration = 18 - 30 seconds
encoding = acoustic

Question 5

LTM

Answer 5

Capacity= unlimited
encoding= semantic
Duration = lifetime.

Question 6

Peterson and Peterson→ STM

Answer 6

Aim- how long STM casts if rehearsal is prevented
procedure → consonant trigram, counting backwards ‘intervals going down in 3 from 18-3
result → 18 seconds was the highest interval that 10% of people could remember
STM 18 - 30 seconds

Question 7

Bah.rick and the duration of the LTM

Answer 7

Aim ~ establish a long term memory
Procedure ~ under 400 graduates from school over 60 years matching names in the yearbook results> 14 - years=90% correct → 47 years 60% correct
Conclusion → certain types of info can be remembered for almost a lifetime

Question 8

Baddeley encoding in STM and LTM

Answer 8

Looks at semantic similar and dissimilar and acoustically similar and dissimilar words
Stm-> immediate recall the lists
LTM →> after twenty mins recall -
Results → easier to recall semantic for lTM and acoustic for STM

Question 9

Evaluation of MSM

Answer 9

→ Research evidence (clive weaving) _ however cannot generalise
→ face validity - happens in everday life
→ oversimplifies memory
→ criticised for importance of rehearsal ~ flashbulb memory

Question 10

What is the working memory model ?

Answer 10

Baddeley and hitch thought the STM was a number of different stores that allow dual task performance
____________________________ ← Central executive →. _______________________
Phonoloop (sound). - Visuospacial sketchpad
Articulatory loop -innervoice. Episodic buffer. Visual cache - visual data - colour
Phono store - hearing store. ( storage). Inner scribe - arrangement of objects

Question 11

Baddeley phono loop

Answer 11

Verbal rehearsal in phono loop
Procedure → 2 conditions words, write in order <= one syllable →> 2= longer
Short words remember better

Question 12

Working memory modelevaluation

Answer 12

→ case studies = kf, motorcycle accident verbal impairment - not visual separate stones unique
→ more detail, parallel process, dualstone
→ central executive is vague

Question 13

Types of LTM

Answer 13

Episodic - explicit → personal experiences
Semantic - explicit → general knowledge
Procedural - implicit → physical memory

Question 14

Case study for long term memory

Answer 14

Hm
→ hippocampus removed after having seizures, seizures stopped but he could not form redo memories or remember 11 years of his life he could perform tasks and they could get easier explicit gone implicit stay

Question 15

Evaluation of types of long term memory

Answer 15

• Evidence from scans, hippocampus linked to be active when episodic is beingused
  → hm case study _unique - low pop val
• episodic and semantic can be hard to distinguish

Question 16

Forgetting

Answer 16

Inability to recall

Question 17

Retroactive and proactive interference

Answer 17

Retroactive → right now interferes with past
Proactive-> past interfere with right now
Baddeley + hitch rugby, more games played more likely to forget
Evaluation
→ artificial research, lab based, lacks eco validity
→ useful, used in advertising and competing brands, high invalidity.
→ only explains some forgetting) cue dependent….

Question 18

Retrieval failure → absence of cues

Answer 18

Cue dependent forgetting → info present at encoding is not there at retrieval ‘
Context dependent → similar context at encoding to retrieved (godden demand baddelly = divers dry and wet)
State dependent → mental state (Goodwin drunk sober list of words )
Conclusion:
→ research is useful → examinations
→ cues are not always effective
→ researchevidence_ lab and field

Question 19

Leading questionsexperiment

Answer 19

Loftus→
Aim- effect of leading questions on eyewitness

Procedure → 1. How fast was the white sports car going when it passes the bar whilst travelling along the country road
2. How fast was the white sportscar going while travelling along the country road
Week later: asked if there was abarn
Findings
1= 17 % said barm
2=3%
Leading questions affect ewt

Question 20

Post event discussion

Answer 20

Gabbert et al
Ppts watch diff perspectives of a vid
In pairs told to discuss what they had viewed I
Findings = 60% mistakenly recalled itemswhen recalling
→ highlights issue with post event discussion

Question 21

Anxiety (ewt) (2 )

Answer 21

Loftus reported
Aim - effects of anxiety on ewt
Procedure =
1= pen, grease
2 = blood, knife
Finding = each to identify the man from Photos, participants incondition 1 more accurate weapon n focus affect

Yuille and cutshall - real life shooting
13 witnesses had followup interviews from a Canada shooting 5 months after, very accurate recall

Question 22

Evaluation of ewt

Answer 22

→> research is useful, real world applications are relied less on
→ low eco validity, film footage
→ no consequences for not remembering, no extreme anxiety, no actual trial
→ lacks population validity - loffus’ samples on student, different recall

Question 23

Cognitive interview

Answer 23

→ context reinstatement (whole scene, all details ofself )
→ report everything even unimportant detail)
→ changed perspective
-s reverse order

Intruder carries blue backpack, steals projector, questioned by either standard or cognitive added a leading question about green backpack
Cognitive less likely to say green when asked the colour