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Research Methods Flashcards

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0
Q

What is an operational hypothesis?

A

it is a research hypothesis that states how the variables being studied will be observed, manipulated, measured and outlines the population from which the sample is selected

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1
Q

What is a population?

A

Used in psychological research to describe the larger group from which a sample is drawn.

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2
Q

Eg of an operational hypothesis

involving study on depression and exercise

A

Clinically depressed adult males and females who engage in regular five-day schedule of vigorous walking at 7 kilometers per hour for 30 minutes per day will use fewer negative words when writing a creative story then will clinically depressed people who do not engage in vigorous walking over the 5 days

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3
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

it is a tentative and testable prediction of the relationship between two or more events or characteristics (an educated guess about what will happen in the research)

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4
Q

What is the independent variable

A

the variable that is systematically manipulated, changed or varied by the researcher in order to assess it’s effect on the participants response

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5
Q

What is the dependent variable

A

is the variable that shows any effects of the IV, that is, the change that occurs as a result of the manipulation of the IV

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6
Q

Characteristics of a operational hypothesis

A
  • IV is specified in operationalised terms
  • DV is specified in operationalised terms
  • the population from which the sample is drawn is stated -it is testable -is an educated guess
  • a precisely worded written statement
  • expressed clearly
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7
Q

Extraneous variables are

A

any variables other than the IV that can cause a change in the DV and therefore effects the results of the experiment in an unwanted way

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8
Q

confounding variables are

A

any variables other than the IV that has had an unwanted effect on the DV, making it impossible to determine which of the variables has produced change in the DV

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9
Q

When does a placebo effect occur

A

It occurs when there is a change in the responses of participants due to their belief that they are receiving some kind of experimental treatment and they respond in accordance with that belief

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10
Q

Differences between extraneous and confounding variables

A

extraneous variables are variables that are recognised prior to the experiment that could have an affect on the DV
where as a confounding variable was not accounted for prior to the experiment and actually occurs resulting on confusion as to what caused the change in the DV

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11
Q

Eg of a placebo effect

A

some people may begin to feel better if they are put on a waiting list for treatment, as compared with how they might feel if they were not on the waiting list

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12
Q

The main 2 types of experimenter effects are…

A

Experimenter expectancy and self-fulfilling prophecy

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13
Q

an experimenter effect occurs when

A

there is a change in a participant’s response due to the researcher’s expectations, biasis or actions, rather than to the effect of the IV

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14
Q

Experiment expectancy involves

A

the cues the researcher gives about the responses participants should give in the experiment

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15
Q

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs when

A

the researcher obtains results that they expect to obtain due to cues they provide rather than the IV

16
Q

Random sampling is

A

a sampling procedure that ensures every member of the population of research interest has an equal chance of being selected as a participant for a study

17
Q

commonly used methods of random sampling include

A
  • tossing a coin

- names in a hat

18
Q

Strengths of random sampling

A
  • it ensures every member of the population of research interest has an equal chance of being selected for the study
  • unbiased
  • is most likely the sample is representative of the target population
19
Q

Disadvantages of random sampling

A

will take a long time if sampling from a large population

20
Q

What is a biased sample

A

it is when not everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being selected as a participant

21
Q

What does stratified sampling involve

A

it involves dividing the population to be sampled into distinct subgroups (strata) then selecting a separate sample from each stratum in the same proportions as they occur in the target population

22
Q

What does stratified-random sampling involve

A

identifying all of the people within each stratum of research interest, then randomly selecting samples of proportionate size from within each stratum

23
Q

Strength stratified-random sampling

A

the sample can said to be truly representative and unbiased

24
Q

limitations of stratified-random sampling

A

is a very time consuming process and is hard to achieve

25
Q

What does the experimental group in a study involve

A

this group is exposed to the experimental condition in which the IV under investigation is present

26
Q

What does the control group in a study involve

A

this group is exposed to the control condition in which the IV is absent

27
Q

what is the reasoning behind using a control group?

A

it provides a standard which the experimental group can be compared against in order to determine whether or not the IV has caused change in the event being measured (DV)

28
Q

True or False:
it is not important that the experimental and control groups are as similar as possible in personal characteristics that might cause a change in the DV

A

False

29
Q

Random Allocation ensures that

A

participants selected for the experiment are as likely to be in one group as the other

30
Q

random allocation can be achieved by

A
  • flipping a coin
  • drawing names out of a hat
  • a lottery type method
31
Q

The purpose of random allocation of participants is to

A

obtain equivalent groups before introducing the IV to the experimental group(s) so that the effects of the IV can be estimated

32
Q

a single-blind procedure involves

A

the participants not being aware of the condition of the experiment to which they have been allocated and therefore the experimental treatment

33
Q

a double blind procedure involves

A

the participants AND the researcher that is directly involved with the participants being unaware of the conditions that the participants have been allocated to

34
Q

a double blind procedure is employed to

A

control possible experimenter effects

35
Q

a single blind procedure is employed to

A

control participants’ expectations and other demand characteristics that can influence the results of the study

36
Q

The 3 types of experimental research designs include

A
  • Matched participants
  • independent groups
  • repeated measures
37
Q

repeated measures design involves

A

each participant being involved in both the experimental and control conditions of an experiment so that the effects of individual participant differences balance out exactly

Psychology (10 decks)

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