Memory Flashcards
memory is described as
the storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning
encoding is the process of
converting info into a useable form so that it can be stored in memory
retrieval is the process of
locating and recovering the stored info from memory so that we are consciously aware of it
the suggested order of remembering info is
1 encoding
2 storage
3 retrieval
storage is
the retention of info over time
the atkinson-shiffrin multi store model consists of
3 components
the 3 component of the atkinson shiffrin model are
- sensory register
- short term store
- long term store
the sensory register is
the entry point for all new info into memory from the external environment
info that is not attended to in the sensory register
decays and disappears forever
True or False:
in some cases, info in the sensory register can by pass the short term memory store and go straight into the long term memory store
True
if info is attended to in the sensory register
it is more than likely it will go to the short term store
the short term store holds all
info that we are consciously aware of at any point in time
The short term store receives info from
the sensory register AND info retrieved from the long term store
the capacity of the short term store is
7 bits of info, plus or minus 2 at the same time
how long can info be held in the short term store unless a conscious effort is made to keep it there for longer
about 30 seconds
rehearsal of new info received from the sensory register enables it to
be further encoded and transferred to the long term store for more permanent storage
continual rehearsal of info in the short term store enables that
info be held there for as long as it requires
the long term store holds info in a; and a relatively _______
highly organised way; permanent way
structural features are
the permanent, built in fixed features of memory that do not vary from one situation to another
control processes are
selected and used by each individual and may vary across different situations
eg of structural features
the three different stores
sensory, short term, long term
egs of control processes
attention, rehearsal, retrieval
Sensory memory is
the entry point of memory where new incoming sensory info is stored for a very brief period of time
incoming sensory info is assumed to be stored in separate sensory systems called
sensory registers
the two sensory registers that have been studied extensively are
- iconic memory
- echoic memory
iconic memory is used to describe
visual sensory memory
visual sensory memory is
the brief sensory memory for incoming visual info
how long do visual info in their original sensory from last in iconic memory
about 1 third of a second
echoic memory is used to describe
auditory sensory memory
auditory sensory memory is
the brief sensory memory storage for incoming auditory information
how long does echoic memory store information for?
3 or 4 seconds
the relatively longer duration of echoic memory is important for
understanding speech
True or false:
sensory memory may act as a type of filter to keep out irrelevant info and prevent cluttering the sensory stores
True
short term memory is
a memory system with a limited storage capacity where info is stored for a short period of time, unless renewed in some way
STM holds all information one is
consciously aware of at any given moment
after the first few seconds, info in STM
can be retained fairly well
after about 12 seconds, recall of info in STM
starts to decline
after about 18 seconds, info in STM
has pretty much all disappeared if not renewed in some way
some research findings on STM suggest the duration of it can be
up to 30 seconds
STM has a limited capacity of about
7 bits of info (plus or minus 2)
working memory is
memory where info we are consciously aware of is ‘actively’ worked on in a variety of ways
Chunking is
the grouping or ‘packing’, of separate bits of info into a larger single single unit or ‘chunk’ of info
rehearsal is
the process of consciously manipulating info to keep it in STM, to transfer it to long term memory, or to aid storage and retrieval
maintenance rehearsal involves
repeating the info being remembered over and over so the info can be retained in STM (working memory).
Eg of maintenance rehearsal
receiving 5 points of feedback on an essay and continuing to say the points over again to keep them in your STM until you can write them down
maintenance rehearsal can be achieved vocally, this means by
repeating the info aloud over and over again
maintenance rehearsal can be achieved sub vocally by
silently repeating words
True or False:
maintenance rehearsal always leads to long term retention
False
Elaborative Rehearsal is
the process of linking new info in a meaningful way with other new info or info already stored in LTM to aid in its storage and retrieval from LTM
self reference effect is when we
relate new info to personal experiences and our personal situation in some way
Which one is more effective, elaborative rehearsal or maintenance rehearsal
Elaborative
Craik and Lockheart’s level of processing framework proposes that
the level, or ‘depth’ at which we process info during learning determines how well it is stored in LTM
semantically storing info in LTM refers to
encoding, organising and storing info by MEANING
if info is processed at a shallow level,
it will only be retained for a short amount of time
