MC Corrections Flashcards
Which device would report a higher level of electrical activity when the sleeper is in NREM sleep compared to REM sleep
EMG
during a microsleep, the EEG would be most likely to detect ______ brainwaves
alpha and theta (Early stages of NREM sleep)
if an image is flashed in the left visual field, the object would be detected on ________ of the retina and processed on the______ side of the occipital lobe
the right side; right
sensory info is processed in the
parietal, occipital and temporal lobes
which type of memories would decline the least with age for a healthy elderly person?
SENSORY
Name of president’s being committed to long term memory are examples of
semantic memories
the central executive division of Baddeley and Hitch’s working memory has a capacity that can
generally only perform one task at a time
According to the semantic network theory, what results in the most efficient retrieval of info stored in long term memory?
nodes of info that are organised hierarchically with links
the most sensitive measure of retention is
recognition
During the year, bill’s teacher Miss Jones got married and changed her name to Mrs Ali, BIll keeps calling her Miss Jones by mistake, in this case, BIll is experiencing
proactive interference
after witnessing a violent crime, Dwight’s psychologist has suggested that suppression of the memory will occur
this involves a/n ______ blocking of the incident from Dwight’s ______
conscious; conscious awareness
mnemonics are an effective means of enhancing the
effectiveness of storage of info in long term memory
in classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the _________ is no longer presented
unconditioned stimulus
Fear of heights applies to axis ___ of the DSM-IV-TR multi axial approach as it is a ________ disorder
1; clinical
shaping would be a behavioural modification technique that would be appropriate for teaching
an infant how to walk
a year 12 coordinator banished the year 12s from the common room for one week for leaving it in an untidy state. at the start of the next week, the year 12s actively cleaned the room at the end of the lunchtime:
the year 12 coordinator has used ________ in this case
response cost (negative punishment)
all of the following occur with both classical and operant conditioning except
a PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT
b extinction
c stimulus generalisation
d acquisition
Which method of classification of a mental illness has the highest inter-rater reliability a ICD 10 b a dimensional approach c DSM-IV-TR d a functional approach
c DSM-IV-TR
spatial neglect is an example of a _______ approach to determining abnormal behaviour…
a. sociocultural
b. situational
c. functional
d. medical
d medical
in comparing meditation to relaxation, which of the following is NOT true:
a. both are strategies that can be used to cope with stress
b both are ASC’s
c. both reduce physiological arousal
d. both are effective in reducing stress and anxiety
b both are ASC’s
which of the following devices would not be suitable for biofeedback in order to help cope with stress
a. EMG
b. EOG
c. GSR
d. heart rate monitor
b EOG
proliferation is a feature of ______ plasticity that occurs _____
developmental; during early brain development
what is the neurotransmitter that is responsible for long term potentiation
NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate)
the transitional approach to symptoms of mental disorders is a key feature of the
dimensional approach to the classification of mental disorders
the component of the HPA axis that releases cortisol is the
adrenal gland
a benefit of physical exercise in terms of reducing stress levels is that
it uses up stress hormones produced by the HPA axis
a true statement in regards to phobias that have been acquired via classical conditioning is
a) they are generally maintained via classical conditioning
b) they can only be extinguished via negative reinforcement
c) they can be maintained via negative reinforcement
d) flooding is the most effective means of extinguishing classically conditioned phobias
c) they can be maintained via negative reinforcement
which type of neurotransmitter would a patient with Alzheimer’s disease most likely to be deficient in?
acetylcholine
change blindness occurs when there are changes to visual scenes (during a disruption such as eye saccade)
that are either expected or unexpected
if one has an impairment in the formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events is most likely due to damage to her
amygdala
if one has difficulties accessing their episodic memories is most likely due to damage to their
hippocampus
after looking at a tree, John turns suddenly towards a friend and can briefly see an ‘after image’ of the tree due to his
iconic memory
which of the following is not an advantage of using animals as opposed to humans in memory experiments:
a) it is easier to control the genetic background of animal subjects
b) animals have a longer lifespan than humans, thus increasing the value of longitudinal studies
c) demand characteristics of animals are reduced
d) animal behaviour is easier to control
b) animals have a longer lifespan than humans, thus increasing the value of longitudinal studies
COWS standing for: C= 'Can you hear me?' O= 'Open your eyes' W= 'What us your name?' S= 'Squeeze my hand' is an example of which mnemonic device?
an acronym
how much of the cerebral cortex is covered by association areas?
three quarters
the association areas that are responsible for language are
USUALLY located in the left hemisphere
which of the following according to the restorative theory, is not one of the benefits of sleep
a. sleep allows the level of the neurotransmitter adenosine to be reduced
b. sleep conserves energy
c. sleep increases immunity to disease
d. sleep repairs and replenishes the body
b. sleep conserves energy
which of the following is a correct statement about the findings of Ebbinghaus and the forgetting curve?
a. the rate of forgetting is affected by the complexity of the material being learned
b. more than 70 percent of the material is forgotten within the first hour
c. the beginning if the forgetting curve has the steepest slope
d. the intelligence of the learner will affect the rate of forgetting
c. the beginning of the slope is the steepest
Padraig was trying to remember a mobile phone number, so he put the numerals into small groups to make the easier to recall. This is an eg of
chunking; to increase the capacity of short term memory
when someone recognises a friends’ building after riding through many streets to find it, they are relying on
a. procedural memory
b. iconic memory
c. declarative memory
d. echoic memory
c. declarative memory
neurotransmitters are
chemicals secreted by terminal buttons at the end of each axon
one’s tendency to remain home and not engage with the community is likely to contribute to his memory loss because
a. the lack of stimulation will cause neurofibrillary tangles to from within his brain
b. he is not being stimulated to form new memories, so he is likely to develop retrograde amnesia
c. his isolation and lack of mental stimulation could lead to a lack of confidence and motivation to learn new things or undertake complex mental tasks
d. his lack of physical activity could result in the loss of procedural memories
c. his isolation and lack of mental stimulation could lead to a lack of confidence and motivation to learn new things or undertake complex mental tasks
Kalini has been unemployed for some time. she repeatedly applied for jobs, but was unsuccessful. gradually, she withdrew from her normal activities and was eventually diagnosed with depression and treated with anti depressant medication
In terms of Lazarus and Folkman’s model, it is likely that
a. kalini has interpreted her situation positively
b. kalini is in the primary appraisal stage of assessing the situation
c. in the secondary appraisal stage, kalini has determined that she cannot cope
d. in the primary appraisal stage, kalini has determined that she cannon cope
c. in the secondary appraisal stage, kalini has determined she cannot cope
the flight/fight response is activated by
the amygdala via the thalamus
a major weakness of a longitudinal study with a repeated measures design is that
a) participant withdrawal throughout the research period is likely
b) very expensive equipment is needed
c) artificiality may create an extraneous variable
d) progressive conditions are difficult to monitor
a) participant withdrawal throughout the research period is likely
michael falls asleep in a movie while samantha stays awake. in terms of content limitations, which statement is most likely to be correct
a) Michael’s content will be more limited
b) Michael’s content will be less limited
c) michael and samantha will have the same level of content limitations
d) the content that enters Samantha’s CON will be determined by the type of content shown in the movie
b) Michael’s content will be less limited
which of the following is correct regarding the organisation of the primary motor cortex?
a) the less dexterous the body part, the larger the area allocated on the primary motor cortex
b) the left primary motor cortex controls movement on the left side of the body, and vica versa
c) body parts found lower on the body are located higher on the primary motor cortex and vica versa
d) the more sensitive the body part, the larger the area allocated on the primary motor cortex
c) body parts found lower on the body are located higher on the primary motor cortex and vica versa
karen is just about to fall asleep when she hears a loud bang coming from outside. as a result of this noise, which of the following physiological responses would occur?
a) increased heart rate, increased breathing rate and pupil constriction
b) increased breathing rate, dilation of the bronchi and pupil constriction
c) relaxation of the bladder, dilation of the bronchi and inhibited digestion
d) constriction of the bladder, pupil dilation and increased heart rate
c) relaxation of the bladder, dilation of the bronchi and inhibited digestion
if one experiences damage to their amygdala, they are most likely to experience difficulty with
a) declarative memories
b) short term memories
c) procedural memories
d) episodic memories
c) procedural memories
according to consolidation theory, what three conditions are required for a memory to be permanently stored?
a) physical change, maintenance rehearsal and no disruption
b) maintenance rehearsal, no disruption and time ‘
c) physical change, no disruption and time
d) no disruption, time and elaborative rehearsal
c) physical change, no disruption and time
in terms of developmental plasticity, development occurs through 5 stages. these stages in order are
a) myelination, circuit pruning, circuit formation, migration, proliferation
b) migration, circuit formation, proliferation, circuit pruning, myelination
c) proliferation, migration, circuit formation, circuit pruning, myelination
d) circuit formation, myelination, migration, proliferation, circuit pruning
c) proliferation, migration, circuit formation, circuit pruning, myelination
it is raining heavily and matthew has decided to walk to the shops. matthew takes an umbrella to prevent him from getting wet. in this scenario, matthew taking the umbrella is an eg of
a) positive reinforcement
b) negative reinforcement
c) response cost
d) punishment
b) negative reinforcement
which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the ICD and DSM?
a) the DSM is produced by the world health organisation (WHO), while the ICD is published by the American Psychiatric Association
b) Both the DSM and ICD are descriptive
c) Both the DSM and the ICD do not specify the causes or treatment of the mental disorder
d) Both the DSM and the ICD are examples of the categorical approach to classifying mental disorders
a) the DSM is produced by the world health organisation (WHO), while the ICD is published by the American Psychiatric Association
Joel had been asked to give a speech at assembly, he does not enjoy speaking in public and finds the thought of doing this terrifying. Catherine has also been asked to speak in public and although she has never spoken in public before, she is looking forward to the challenge. Joel is experiencing _______; while catherine is experiencing_______.
fight or flight response; eustress
malcolm is nervous as he has been asked to sing at his year 12 graduation. before he walks on stage, malcolm sits down, closes his eyes, relaxes his muscles, and visulises himself floating. this technique to relieve stress is known as
a) meditation
b) relaxation
c) biofeedback
d) stress reduction therapy
b) relaxation
an adult buying their child a toy to stop them screaming and throwing a tantrum at a shopping centre is an example of, in relation to the adult
a) negative reinforcement
b) positive reinforcement
c) learned helplessness
d) punishment
a) negative reinforcement
according to the attkinson and shifrin multi store model, what are the 3 components to memory?
a) iconic, echoic, auditory
b) sensory register, STM, LTM
c) sensory memory, STM, LTM
d) procedural, declarative, episodic
c) sensory memory, STM, LTM
operant conditioning is also known as
a) trial and error learning
b) consequential learning
c) instrumental learning
d) environmental conditioning
c) instrumental learning
Mia suffered severe hardships during her childhood. a defence mechanism in Mia has since been activated and has resulted in her losing all memory of these events. Mia has no conscious memory of the events, this theory is part of freud’s model known as ________. specifically, Mia is exhibiting _______
a) unconscious forgetting; repression
b) motivated forgetting; suppression
c) unconscious forgetting; suppression
d) motivated forgetting ; repression
d) motivated forgetting; repression
the functional approach to normality states that:
a) T,F,B are viewed as normal if the individual is able to cope and live independently in society
b) typical behaviour according to the expectations of cultural values, beliefs and norms of a particular society in considering normal
c) T,F,B can be considered normal in one situation and abnormal in another
d) abnormal T,F,B can be viewed as having an underlying biological cause and can be usually diagnosed and treated
a) T,F,B are viewed as normal if the individual is able to cope and live independently in society
the three axes of the ICD-10 in order are
a) disabilities, clinical diagnosis, contextual factors
b) clinical diagnosis, contextual factors, disabilities
c) contextual factors, clinical diagnosis, disabilities
d) clinical diagnosis, disabilities, contextual factors
d) clinical diagnosis, disabilities, contextual factors
which of the following statements is false in reference to the work of hermann ebbinghaus
a) the better the initial coding, the longer the material will be retained
b) the more meaningful the info, the slower the rate of forgetting
c) when the initial learning takes place over a more extended period of time, more info is retained and the rate of forgetting is reduced
d) there is a rapid decline, then a further gradual plateau of forgetting
c) when the initial learning takes place over a more extended period of time, more info is retained and the rate of forgetting is reduced
ben has the capacity to interact with others and the environment in a way that promotes well-being, ben is exhibiting
a) mental health
b) psychological health
c) social well-being
d) mental illness
a) mental health
NREM sleep rejuvenates the ______, while REM sleep rejuvenates the _______.
a) body; soul
b) body; mind
c) mind; body
d) body; nervous system
body; mind
behavioural changes as a result of stress would not include
a) voice tremors
b) strained facial features
c) negative self talk
d) hand tremors
c) negative self talk
how long does the average microsleep last?
a) 5 seconds
b) 15 seconds
c) 30 seconds
d) 45 seconds
c) 30 seconds
agatha is reading a book, the visual sensory info from the book is directed to her primary visual cortex by
a) her thalamus
b) her reticular activating system
c) her primary somatosensory cortex
d) her association area of the parietal lobe
a) her thalamus
while watching a frightening movie, it is likely that
a) breathing rate increases and bladder relaxes
b) digestion is stimulated and breathing rate increases
c) perspiration is inhibited and breathing rate decreases
d) breathing rate increases and intestines are stimulated
a) breathing rate increases and bladder relaxes
in an experiment, debriefing of participants most likely includes info about
a) each participant’s own results in the study
b) the number of hours participants will be expected to participate
c) the procedures that will be required of participants during the experiment
d) the individual results of other participants in the study
a) each participant’s own results in the study
a patient was about to have brain surgery. the patient gave informed consent to participate in a study using direct brain stimulation. this study involving direct brain stimulation is an eg of
a) a case study
b) a double-blind procedure
c) an independent groups design
d) a matched participants design
a) a case study
one hour after they had learned 13 nonsense syllables, the participants were likely to have forgotten approx
a) 10% of the info
b) 20 % of the info
c) 50% of the info
d) 80% of the info
c) 50% of the info
if an experimenter wanted the participants in this experiment to retain a larger number of the nonsense syllables in long term memory, she could suggest that they
a) use narrative chaining
b) use maintenance rehearsal
c) learn the list and then learn a different list
d) learn the list over an extended period of time
d) learn the list over an extended period of time
the rate of forgetting for a group of participants required to remember a list of 13 names compared to a group that had to learn a list of 13 nonsense syllables would have been
a) the same as for the nonsense syllables group
b) slower than for the nonsense syllables group
c) faster than for the nonsense syllables group
d) slower at the start and then accelerating until it became the same as for the nonsense syllables group
b) slower than for the nonsense syllables group
someone who is experiencing anterograde amnesia is most likely to affect which part of long term memory?
a) working
b) procedural
c) declarative
d) sensory
c) declarative
James is studying for an economics test which he will sit the next day. which of the following sequences would be best if james wanted to minimise the effect of interference on his ability to remember the info for his test
a) study, listen to music, test
b) study, sleep, test
c) study, complete history homework, test
d) study, exercise, test
b) study, sleep, test
punishment could be said to unintentionally reinforce undesirable behaviour if
a) desirable behaviour replaces the undesirable behaviour following the punishment
b) the punishment does not immediately follow the undesirable behaviour
c) undesirable behaviour is increased due to the attention received through punishment
d) the punishment produces an unwanted aggressive response
c) undesirable behaviour is increased due to the attention received through punishment
keeping students indoors until they use the words ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ when they want to go outdoors is an example of
a) punishment
b) negative reinforcement
c) shaping
d) positive punishment
a) punishment
Theta wave patterns typically show
a) high frequency and low amp waves
b) a steady pattern of low frequency and high amp waves
c) medium to high frequency and medium to low amp waves
d) medium frequency and mixed amp (some high, some low) waves
d) medium frequency and mixed amp (some high, some low) waves
which of the following is one of the proposed adaptive reasons for sleep
a) sleep repairs and replenishes the body
b) sleep activates growth hormones
c) sleep conserves energy
d) sleep increases immunity to disease
c) sleep conserves energy
expressive aphasia is another term for
a) Broca’s aphasia
b) receptive aphasia
c) Wernicke’s aphasia
d) anomia
a) broca’s aphasia
split brain surgery is most effective in reducing epileptic seizures because
a) the corpus callosum was severed, preventing communication at the higher cortical level
b) an implanted pulse generator (IPG) causes interference with neural activity
c) the two hemispheres were separated at the subcortical level
d) the corpus callosum was severed, eliminating all communication between the two hemispheres
a) the corpus callosum was severed, preventing communication at the higher cortical level
which of the following is not a limitation of generalising results of the studies by sperry and gazzaniga to the wider population
a) left handed people may have language centers in either the right or left hemispheres
b) epilepsy negatively affected the patient’s ability to learn the names of common everyday objects during their early childhood
c) all of the participants who were studied had suffered from severe epilepsy and this may have affected their performance
d) all of the patients were on long term medication, which may have affected their test performance
b) epilepsy negatively affected the patient’s ability to learn the names of common everyday objects during their early childhood
according to baddeley and hitch’s model of working memory, when retrieving words from LTM in order to link these to the names of the steam engines in a narrative chaining story, the individual was using
a) visuospatial sketchpad
b) episodic buffer
c) phonological loop
d) central executive
b) episodic buffer
visual images received in the left visual field are processed in the
a) occipital lobe of left hemisphere only
b) occipital lobe of right hemisphere only
c) temporal lobe of the right hemisphere only
d) occipital lobe of the left and right hemispheres
b) occipital lobe of right hemisphere only
A patient suffering severe epilepsy, had an operation in which his corpus callosum was severed to divide the right and left hemisphere of his brain
a likely consequence of this operation is that:
a) the patient is unable to make verbal responses
b) the patient has difficulty coordinating actions such as dressing himself
c) the patient’s memory is affected
d) the patient is unable to make verbal responses
b) the patient has difficulty coordinating actions such as dressing himself
a typical sleep cycle for an adult early in a nights sleep would be
a) awake, NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3, NREM 4, NREM 3, NREM 2, NREM 1, REM
b) awake, NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3, NREM 4, REM, NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3, NREM 4
a) awake, NREM 1, NREM 2, NREM 3, NREM 4, NREM 3, NREM 2, NREM 1, REM
during learning, the role of neurotransmitters is to
a) transmit chemical messages across the synaptic gap between neurons
b) transmit electrical impulses along the axon of a neuron
c) inhibit transmissions of electro-chemical impulses across the synapse between neurons
d) receive chemical messages from the synaptic gap between neurons
a) transmit chemical messages across the synaptic gap between neurons
as a result of learning and new experiences, the brain modifies its neural pathways by
a) decreasing the number of neurons
b) increasing the number of neurons
c) changing the strength of the synaptic connections between neurons
d) changing the structure of the axons within neurons
c) changing the strength of the synaptic connections between neurons
seeking out advice of an academic advisor who helps with time management and study techniques for someone who continues to be stressed about their performance after an exam is receiving ______ support
a) environmental
b) biological
c) physiological
d) sociocultural
d) sociocultural
