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Intro to Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Limits of Intuition and Bias

A
  1. Gut feelings
  2. Common sense
  3. Hindsight Bias
  4. Authority
  5. Confirmation Bias
  6. Overconfidence
  7. Random/Rarities
  8. Pseudoscience
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2
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

I knew it all along

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3
Q

Authority

A

relying on info from authority figures, but they can be wrong

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4
Q

Conformation Bias

A

We want to be correct in our ideas in the world. So we place emphasis on our perception, and we pay no attention to other views or ideas.

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5
Q

Overconfidence

A

we think we know more that we actually do

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6
Q

Patterns in Random/Rarities

A

with a big enough sample size, rarities are bound to happen

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7
Q

Pseudoscience

A

made up, they claim to be scientific and factual but aren’t compatible with the scientific method

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8
Q

4 Goals of Psychological Research

A
  1. Description- of social behavior
  2. Prediction- establishing a relationship between cause and effect
  3. Explanation- developing theories about why people behave the way we do
  4. Application- for example, creating effective therapeutic treatments
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9
Q

3 Aspects of Scientific Attitude

A
  1. Curiously- Passion
  2. Skepticism- doubting and questioning
    1. Doesn’t mean rejection without knowledge, it means after knowledge
  3. Humility- Accept being wrong
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10
Q

5 Principles of Scientific Method

A
  1. Rationalism
  2. Determinism: Behavior can be explained.
  3. Empiricism: Direct observation and measurement.
  4. Objectivism: Science should be conducted without prejudice
  5. Reductionism: Science attempts to simplify and generalize
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11
Q

What must questions be when critical thinking?

A

falsifiable

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12
Q

Occam’s razor

A

simple explanations

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13
Q

What are the aspects of replication and why is it important?

A
  • repeat the original operations with different parameters, materials and circumstances.
    • Replication=confirmation
    • Do it again in your own lab
    • Someone else takes it and finds something similar
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14
Q

Scientific Method

A
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15
Q

What is a theory and what are the important components of it? What makes a good or a bad theory?

A

explanations that integrate principles and organize and predict behaviors or events

  • They can be disproved – they cannot be proved!
  • A good theory is one that:
    • can be modified to account for research findings
    • Organizes observations
    • Implies predictions to check or derive practical applications
  • A bad theory is one that is very resistant to change
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16
Q

Hypothesis

A

testable prediction prompted by a theory to enable us to think about our theory in different ways

17
Q

Research Observations

A
  • Create scenarios and study them
  • Various ways of doing so- naturalistic observation, case/clinical studies questionaries (less effective for our example)
18
Q

The self-corrective process

A

when we get the outcomes we can change design, hypothesis, and theory.

19
Q

Descriptive Methods

A
  • Case Study- examines an individual or group in depth in hope of revealing something
    • An individual can be less accurate since there are always anomalies
    • Describes behavior, doesn’t explain it
    • Clinical Study- study a person who has a psychological issue
  • Naturalistic Observation- records behavior in natural environments
    • Describes behavior, doesn’t explain it
    • Regardless, descriptions can lead to findings
  • Survey- see opinions of a population by sample representative of population via questionnaire
    • The wording is super important and can change the results of a survey ex: not allowed vs forbidden
    • False Consensus effect- overestimate the extent to which others feel the same way
20
Q

Correlation

A

observes relationship between two variables

A measure of the extent that to factors that vary together, predict one another

correlation describes and doesn’t explain! AKA correlation doesn’t prove causation because we don’t know which is the cause and which is the effect.

21
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

perceiving a non-existent correlation

22
Q

Regression towards the mean

A

the tendency for unusual circumstances to regress

23
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

The measure of relationship between two values

  • or +

closer to 100=strong

closer to 0=weak

24
Q

Positive Correlation

A
  • they both go in the same direction
    • Hotter temp more ice cream people eat
    • More I train at gym the bigger my muscles get
25
Q

Negative correlation

A
  • when one increases, the other one decreases
    • Colder the temp the more clothing people wear
26
Q

Two variables of Experimentation

A

Independent variable

Dependent variable

27
Q

Experimental and control groups

A
  • Experimental Group- those who receive treatment,
  • Control group- those who don’t receive treatment
  • We need control groups to rule out alternative explanations
  • Experimentation determines its effect, as opposed to correlation
28
Q

Double blind placebo

A

neither the participants nor the researcher knows

29
Q

What do results include and not include?

A
  • Includes a summary of the raw data and the statistical analyses that were done in the study.
  • Does not include any inferences or conclusions that are based on the data.
30
Q
A
31
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

A tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

32
Q

Ethics in Research

A
  • Minimal risk - No harm may be done to the participants.
  • Informed consent - Participants must be given information about the research before it begins in order to make an informed decision whether to participate and must be allowed to withdraw from experiment.
  • Anonymity and confidentiality.
  • Debriefing - Participants must be told the purposes of the research after it is concluded.
33
Q

operational definition

A

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

34
Q

meta-analysis

A

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

35
Q

confounding variable

A

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

36
Q
A

Intro to Psychology (6 decks)

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