1
Q
Types of Neurotransmitters
A
- Acetylcholine: Controls muscles, released by the motor neurons of the spinal cord and stimulates skeletal muscles.
- Noradrenaline: Prepares the body for action.
- Serotonin: Controls emotional arousal and sleep. lack causes deppression
- Endorphins: Decrease the effects of pain during acute stress and trauma. Related to pleasure circuits in the brain. lack is pack of production
- Dopamine- movement, learning, attention, emotion
- Glutamate- excitory neurotransmitter.
- GABA- inhibitory neurotransmitter. lack causes insomnia, seizures
2
Q
Agonist and antagonist
A
- Agonists- molecule similar to neurotransmitters that increase neurotransmitters response and can stimulate a similar response (drugs)
- Antagonists- decrease the neurotransmitters action by blocking production or release
3
Q
Parkinson’s Disease
A
- Dopamine Deficiency
- A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a tremor that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression
- Dopaminergic cells produce the neurotransmitter Dopamine. The death off Dopaminergic cells results in lower amounts of Dopamine.
- Treatment: the disease is a chronic disease that requires ongoing treatment
4
Q
Schizophrenia
A
- Dopamine Excess
- A severe emotional disorder characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusions, hallucinations, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. A psychotic disorder.
- Treatment: Antipsychotic drugs (suppressing dopamine activity) and psychiatric and social therapy.
- Treatment can only ease the symptoms but not cure a patient from schizophrenia
5
Q
Endocrine System
A
- Coordinate cell activities, much Like the Nervous system.
- Unlike the Nervous system, the Endocrine system has a slow effect by releasing hormones from the Endocrine glands into the blood. From the blood, the hormones go to different organs in the body and signals change.
- Endocrine messages outlast nervous system messages so when you feel upset a while after something happened, that’s why
6
Q
hormones
A
- mainly stimulate growth & certain types of emotional & physiological reactions.
7
Q
Ardinal and Pituitary Glands
A
- Adrenal glands- in times of danger and stress these glands on top of kidneys release hormones to alert the body
- Pituitary gland- most influential gland of Endo system. It controls other glands, regulates growth and triggers hormones to release
8
Q
Plasticity
A
the brains ability to change by reorganizing after damage or building new pathways after experience
9
Q
CNS
A
brain and spinal cord
10
Q
PNS
A
gathers info and transmits CNS’s decisions to other body parts
11
Q
Nerves
A
many axons all connected that form neural cables sending information from CNS all over
12
Q
Sensory Neurons
A
- carry info from body’s tissues and sensory receptors to brain and spinal cord
13
Q
Motor Neurons
A
carry outgoing info from brain and spine to muscles and glands
14
Q
Interneurons
A
neurons within the spinal cord that communicate internally
15
Q
Somatic and Automatic Nervous System
A
- Somatic Nervous System- enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles (when we move)
- Automatic Nervous System- operates on its own and control glands and internal organs (heart, sweat, breathing, b pressure etc)
within the PNS
16
Q
Sympathetic and Parasymathetic Nervous System
A
- Sympathetic Nervous system- division of autonomic nervous system that arouses the body mobilizing its energy (in stressful situations) AROUSES
- EX- you freak out and feel terrible before a job interview
- Parasympathetic Nervous System- conserves energy and calms you CALMS
- You feel better
- Homeostasis- These both works together making us balanced
within PNS
17
Q
spinal cord function
A
- - connects the PNS and brain
- Ascending neural fibers send up sensory info
- Descending fibers send back motor control info
- Reflexes- in spinal cord and composed of a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
- All info goes to the brain through the spinal cord
18
Q
Left Hemisphere
A
- Spoken language
- Written language
- Scientific skills
- Numbers
- Reasoning
- Logical and orderly processing
19
Q
Right Hemisphere
A
- Music
- Art
- 3D vision
- Imagination
- Insight
- Intuitive and holistic processing
20
Q
Subcortical structures
A
- ancient” parts of our brain. Similar to other animals in structure and function
21
Q
The cortex
A
The human cortex has a unique structure, and it is responsible for higher functions
22
Q
Brain stem
A
- Medulla
- Pons
- Any damage to these structures result in death
- Oldest Part of Brain
23
Q
A
24
Q
Medulla
A
base of the brain stem, the slight swelling in the spinal cord just after it enters skull.
breathing and heart
25
Pons
just above medulla, helps control sleep, breathing, arousal
26
Thalamus
* Sensory control center. The hub for senses
* Sits above brain stem
* Revise information from all senses but smell and routes the info to higher brain regions that deal with senses.
27
Reticulum Formation
* Controls arousal and multi-tasking
* Sensory input flows up the spine to the thalamus and some travel through RF which filter incoming stimuli and relay other important info to brain
* Between ears, extends from spinal cord
28
Cerebellum
* Extends from rear of brain stem
* Processes sensory input, coordinates movement output and balances enable non-verbal learning and memory, and balance
29
Limbic System
* Newest parts of brain
* Associated with emotions and drives
* Amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus
30
Amygdala
* Responsive for fear and aggression
* Two pathways between sensory/visual thalamus (see visual info) and the amygdala--
* We need both pathways because the thalamus/rapid helps to response immediately, however it doesn’t differentiate between different things
* The amygdala does differentiate
* This helps for fight or flight since in times of danger we don’t have enough time to process
31
Hypothalamus
* controls hormone system
* eating, drinking, temperature, sexual behavior, and emotions, and helps activate glands via hormone release
32
Hippocampus
* helps us process **conscious memory**, which decreases in size and function as we grow older
33
Newer Brain Structures/Cortex
* Brains information processing center
* Four lobes
1. Frontal
2. Temporal
3. Occipital
4. Parietal
34
Occipital lobe
* **_Occipital lobe_** of the cortex/vision
* Two pathways from eyes to cortex
* Through thalamus
* Through brainstem
* Blind sight:
* patients report an inability to see objects. If they are pressed to guess the objects location, they are able to point it with reasonable accuracy.
35
Parietal lobe
* Processing **sensation** such as: temperature, touch, pain and motion.
* Sensations from one side of the body arrive at the other side of the brain.
* The more sensitive the part of the body, the bigger the area represented in the brain. For example, lips and fingers have large representations whereas the back has a small representation (somatotopic arrangement).
36
Frontal Lobe
* **_The frontal lobe_** is responsible for problem solving, reasoning, planning, and managing other functions. It allows us to think things through and determine how to use information that is located elsewhere in the brain
* **_FTLD-_** dementia because they lacks a frontal lobe
* Two types of impulses: aggressive and sexual
* Frontal lobes make sure we use these correctly. People who have issues with the frontal lobe will run into issues with these impulses
* Broccas Area
* **_Broca's aphasia:_** responsible for the production of speech
Impairment in speech production
Individuals with Broca's aphasia may understand speech and be able to read but are limited in writing and speaking.
Formation of sounds often laborious, non-fluent and effortful.
Broca’s region was found in deaf people who had damage to this area area. Cannot use sign language.
37
Temporal Lobe
Language
**_Wernicke’s aphasia:_** impairment of speech comprehension whether written or verbal, but not production
* Speech production is preserved but the content of the language is incorrect.
* Reading ability is diminished, and although writing ability is retained, what is written may be abnormal.
38
Motor and Somatosensory Cortexes
* **_Motor Cortex_**-
* Sends output messages from the body
* controls voluntary movements on bodies left side
* **_Somatosensory cortex_**
* Receives sensory incoming messages
* left hemisphere section receives input from the body’s right side
39
Association areas
found in all four lobes. Not involved in motor or sensory functions, rather in higher mental functions like memory, thinking, and speaking
40
Neurogenesis
brain mending itself through producing new neurons
41
Corpus callosum
large band of neuro fibers connecting the two beain hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly corpus callosum)
42
**Knee-jerk reflex:**
* Monosynaptic reflex
* Only the sensory and motor neurons of the spinal nerves are involved.
The brain is not involved
43
* **Reflex Arcs:**
* Disynaptic reflex.
* The information from the motor neuron to the sensory neuron is transmitted through an interneuron.
* The brain is not involved.
44
Lesion
natural tissues destruction in brain that we can destroy to study stuff
45
EEG
amplified readout of brain waves
46
MEG
measures magnetic fields from brains natural activity
47
PET
Displays chemical fuel consumption within brain
48
MRI
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue
49
FMRI
* blood flow shown in brain
50
Function + Malfunction of Acetylcholine
enables muscle action, learning, and memory
production deteriorates in Alzheimers
51
FLTD
frontaltemporal lobar degredation
onset before 65, progresses rapidly, occurs in some dementia cases, affects men more, brain atrophies, sufferers experience empathy losss, loss of emotional understanding
52
Somatic markers
bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences
53
motor cortex
the area at the back of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements (if left side is stimulated, the right side moves)
54
somatosensory cortex
area at the front of the parietal lobes, registers and processes the body's touch and movement sensations
55
prefrontal cortex
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
56
deffects from split brain surgery
presenting an object in the left visual field, brain will not process or "see" the image
57
lock and key mechanism
neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism
58
blind sight
a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
59
thyroid
regulates metabolism
60
61
1. **Acetylcholine:** Controls muscles, released by the motor neurons of the spinal cord and stimulates skeletal muscles.
2. **Noradrenaline:** Prepares the body for action.
3. **Serotonin:** Controls emotional arousal and sleep. lack causes deppression
4. **Endorphins:** Decrease the effects of pain during acute stress and trauma. Related to pleasure circuits in the brain. lack is pack of production
5. **Dopamine**- movement, learning, attention, emotion
6. **Glutamate**- excitory neurotransmitter.
7. **GABA**- inhibitory neurotransmitter. lack causes insomnia, seizures
Types of Neurotransmitters
62
1. **Agonists-** molecule similar to neurotransmitters that increase neurotransmitters response and can stimulate a similar response (drugs)
2. **Antagonists-** decrease the neurotransmitters action by blocking production or release
Agonist and antagonist
63
1. Dopamine Deficiency
2. A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a **tremor** that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression
3. Dopaminergic cells produce the neurotransmitter **Dopamine.** The death off Dopaminergic cells results in lower amounts of Dopamine.
4. Treatment: the disease is a chronic disease that requires ongoing treatment
Parkinson’s Disease
64
1. Dopamine Excess
2. A severe emotional disorder characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusions, hallucinations, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. A psychotic disorder.
3. Treatment: Antipsychotic drugs (suppressing dopamine activity) and psychiatric and social therapy.
4. Treatment can only ease the symptoms but not cure a patient from schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
65
* Coordinate cell activities, much Like the Nervous system.
* Unlike the Nervous system, the Endocrine system has a slow effect by releasing hormones from the Endocrine glands into the blood. From the blood, the hormones go to different organs in the body and signals change.
* Endocrine messages outlast nervous system messages so when you feel upset a while after something happened, that’s why
Endocrine System
66
* mainly stimulate growth & certain types of emotional & physiological reactions.
hormones
67
* **_Adrenal glands-_** in times of danger and stress these glands on top of kidneys release hormones to alert the body
* **_Pituitary gland-_** most influential gland of Endo system. It controls other glands, regulates growth and triggers hormones to release
Ardinal and Pituitary Glands
68
the brains ability to change by reorganizing after damage or building new pathways after experience
Plasticity
69
brain and spinal cord
CNS
70
gathers info and transmits CNS’s decisions to other body parts
PNS
71
many axons all connected that form neural cables sending information from CNS all over
Nerves
72
* carry info from body’s tissues and sensory receptors to brain and spinal cord
Sensory Neurons
73
carry outgoing info from brain and spine to muscles and glands
Motor Neurons
74
neurons within the spinal cord that communicate internally
Interneurons
75
* **_Somatic Nervous System-_** enables voluntary control of our skeletal muscles (when we move)
* **_Automatic Nervous System-_** operates on its own and control glands and internal organs (heart, sweat, breathing, b pressure etc)
within the PNS
Somatic and Automatic Nervous System
76
* **_Sympathetic Nervous system_**- division of autonomic nervous system that arouses the body mobilizing its energy (in stressful situations) AROUSES
1. EX- you freak out and feel terrible before a job interview
* **_Parasympathetic Nervous System-_** conserves energy and calms you CALMS
1. You feel better
* **_Homeostasis_**- These both works together making us balanced
within PNS
Sympathetic and Parasymathetic Nervous System
77
* **_-_** connects the PNS and brain
* Ascending neural fibers send up sensory info
* Descending fibers send back motor control info
* **_Reflexes_**- in spinal cord and composed of a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
* All info goes to the brain through the spinal cord
spinal cord function
78
* Spoken language
* Written language
* Scientific skills
* Numbers
* Reasoning
* Logical and orderly processing
Left Hemisphere
79
* Music
* Art
* 3D vision
* Imagination
* Insight
* Intuitive and holistic processing
Right Hemisphere
80
1. ancient” parts of our brain. Similar to other animals in structure and function
Subcortical structures
81
The human cortex has a unique structure, and it is responsible for higher functions
The cortex
82
1. Medulla
2. Pons
3.
* Any damage to these structures result in death
* Oldest Part of Brain
Brain stem
83
84
base of the brain stem, the slight swelling in the spinal cord just after it enters skull.
breathing and heart
Medulla
85
just above medulla, helps control sleep, breathing, arousal
Pons
86
* Sensory control center. The hub for senses
* Sits above brain stem
* Revise information from all senses but smell and routes the info to higher brain regions that deal with senses.
Thalamus
87
* Controls arousal and multi-tasking
* Sensory input flows up the spine to the thalamus and some travel through RF which filter incoming stimuli and relay other important info to brain
* Between ears, extends from spinal cord
Reticulum Formation
88
* Extends from rear of brain stem
* Processes sensory input, coordinates movement output and balances enable non-verbal learning and memory, and balance
Cerebellum
89
* Newest parts of brain
* Associated with emotions and drives
* Amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus
Limbic System
90
* Responsive for fear and aggression
* Two pathways between sensory/visual thalamus (see visual info) and the amygdala--
* We need both pathways because the thalamus/rapid helps to response immediately, however it doesn’t differentiate between different things
* The amygdala does differentiate
* This helps for fight or flight since in times of danger we don’t have enough time to process
Amygdala
91
* controls hormone system
* eating, drinking, temperature, sexual behavior, and emotions, and helps activate glands via hormone release
Hypothalamus
92
* helps us process **conscious memory**, which decreases in size and function as we grow older
Hippocampus
93
* Brains information processing center
* Four lobes
1. Frontal
2. Temporal
3. Occipital
4. Parietal
Newer Brain Structures/Cortex
94
* **_Occipital lobe_** of the cortex/vision
* Two pathways from eyes to cortex
* Through thalamus
* Through brainstem
* Blind sight:
* patients report an inability to see objects. If they are pressed to guess the objects location, they are able to point it with reasonable accuracy.
Occipital lobe
95
* Processing **sensation** such as: temperature, touch, pain and motion.
* Sensations from one side of the body arrive at the other side of the brain.
* The more sensitive the part of the body, the bigger the area represented in the brain. For example, lips and fingers have large representations whereas the back has a small representation (somatotopic arrangement).
Parietal lobe
96
* **_The frontal lobe_** is responsible for problem solving, reasoning, planning, and managing other functions. It allows us to think things through and determine how to use information that is located elsewhere in the brain
* **_FTLD-_** dementia because they lacks a frontal lobe
* Two types of impulses: aggressive and sexual
* Frontal lobes make sure we use these correctly. People who have issues with the frontal lobe will run into issues with these impulses
* Broccas Area
* **_Broca's aphasia:_** responsible for the production of speech
Impairment in speech production
Individuals with Broca's aphasia may understand speech and be able to read but are limited in writing and speaking.
Formation of sounds often laborious, non-fluent and effortful.
Broca’s region was found in deaf people who had damage to this area area. Cannot use sign language.
Frontal Lobe
97
Language
**_Wernicke’s aphasia:_** impairment of speech comprehension whether written or verbal, but not production
* Speech production is preserved but the content of the language is incorrect.
* Reading ability is diminished, and although writing ability is retained, what is written may be abnormal.
Temporal Lobe
98
* **_Motor Cortex_**-
* Sends output messages from the body
* controls voluntary movements on bodies left side
* **_Somatosensory cortex_**
* Receives sensory incoming messages
* left hemisphere section receives input from the body’s right side
Motor and Somatosensory Cortexes
99
found in all four lobes. Not involved in motor or sensory functions, rather in higher mental functions like memory, thinking, and speaking
Association areas
100
brain mending itself through producing new neurons
Neurogenesis
101
large band of neuro fibers connecting the two beain hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly corpus callosum)
Corpus callosum
102
* Monosynaptic reflex
* Only the sensory and motor neurons of the spinal nerves are involved.
The brain is not involved
**Knee-jerk reflex:**
103
* Disynaptic reflex.
* The information from the motor neuron to the sensory neuron is transmitted through an interneuron.
* The brain is not involved.
* **Reflex Arcs:**
104
natural tissues destruction in brain that we can destroy to study stuff
Lesion
105
amplified readout of brain waves
EEG
106
measures magnetic fields from brains natural activity
MEG
107
Displays chemical fuel consumption within brain
PET
108
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue
MRI
109
* blood flow shown in brain
FMRI
110
enables muscle action, learning, and memory
production deteriorates in Alzheimers
Function + Malfunction of Acetylcholine
111
frontaltemporal lobar degredation
onset before 65, progresses rapidly, occurs in some dementia cases, affects men more, brain atrophies, sufferers experience empathy losss, loss of emotional understanding
FLTD
112
bodily reactions that arise from the emotional evaluation of an action's consequences
Somatic markers
113
the area at the back of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements (if left side is stimulated, the right side moves)
motor cortex
114
area at the front of the parietal lobes, registers and processes the body's touch and movement sensations
somatosensory cortex
115
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
prefrontal cortex
116
presenting an object in the left visual field, brain will not process or "see" the image
deffects from split brain surgery
117
neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock mechanism
lock and key mechanism
118
a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
blind sight
119
regulates metabolism
thyroid
120
Intro to Psychology
flashcards
Decks in class (6)
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