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psych 1x03 > research methods 1 and 2 > Flashcards

research methods 1 and 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

the scientific method: construct a theory- theory

A

general set of ideas about the way that the world works

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2
Q

the scientific method: generate hypothesis

A

makes a specific prediction about the relationship between variables involved in the theory

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3
Q

the scientific method: choose research

A

-determine the way in which the hypothesis will be tested

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4
Q

the scientific method: collect data

A

-take measurements of the outcomes of the test

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5
Q

the scientific method: analyze data

A

-understand the data and discover the trends or relationships between the variables

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6
Q

the scientific method: report the findings

A

-publish articles in scholarly journals

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7
Q

the scientific method: revise existing theories

A

incorporate new information into our understanding of the world

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8
Q

paradigm shift

A

-dramatic change in our way of thinking

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9
Q

anecdotal evidence

A

-evidence gathered from others or self experience

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10
Q

experiment

A

scientific tool used to measure the effect of one variable on another
-can have 2 groups of participants: experimental group and control group

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11
Q

independent variable

A

variable manipulated by the scientist

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12
Q

dependent variable

A

-variable being observed by the scientist

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13
Q

within subjects design

A

manipulating the independent variable within each participant to minimize the effect of external variables on the dependent measure

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14
Q

practice effect

A

improved performance over the course of an experiment due to becoming more experienced

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15
Q

between subjects design

A

one group acts as the control group

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16
Q

confounding variable

A

variable other than the independent variable that has an effect on the results

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17
Q

population

A

general group of people we are trying to learn about

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18
Q

sample

A

selected members of the population

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19
Q

random assignment

A

assigning subjects to either the experimental or control group at random to avoid any biases that may cause differences between the groups of subjects

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20
Q

placebo effect

A

effect that occurs when an individual exhibits a response to a treatment that has no related therapeutic effect

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21
Q

participant bias

A

when a participant’s action in an experiment influence the results outside of the manipulations of the experimenter

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22
Q

blinding

A

when participants do not know whether they belong to the experimental or control group, or which treatment they are recieving

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23
Q

double-blind studies

A

experiments in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which group each participant belong to

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24
Q

histogram

A

type of graph used to report the number of times groups of values appear in a data set

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25
Q

frequency distribution

A

type of graph illustrating the distribution of how frequently values appear in a data set

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26
Q

normal distribution

A

a distribution with a characteristic smooth, bell and symmetrical shaped curve around a single peek

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27
Q

mean

A

the average value of a data set

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28
Q

outliers

A

extreme points, distant from others in a data set

29
Q

mode

A

the value that appears most frequently in the set

30
Q

median

A

the center value in a data set when the set is arranged numerically

31
Q

standard deviation

A

measure of the average distance of each data point from the mean

32
Q

inferential statistics

A

statistics that allow us to use results from samples to make inferences about overall, underlying populations

33
Q

T-Test

A

statistical test that considers each data point from both groups to calculate probability that 2 samples were drawn from the same popualtion

34
Q

P- Value

A

value expressing the probability calculated by the T-test

  • greater than 5% probability of obtaining the data by chance- NOT significant
  • less than 5% probability of obtaining the data by chance (P- Value less than .05) IS significant
35
Q

statistical significance

A

when the difference between 2 groups is due to some true difference between the properties of the 3 groups and not simply due to random variation

36
Q

correlation

A

measure of the strength of the relationship between 2 variables

37
Q

correlation coefficient

A

measures the degree with which 2 variables are correlated; symbolized by the letter r

38
Q

positive correlation

A

+1; as one variable increases, the other variable also increases

39
Q

negative correlation

A
  • 1; as one of the variables decreases; the other variable decreases
  • a correlation coefficient of zero would indicate that there is no relationship whatsoever between the 2 variables being measured
  • correlation does not equal causation
40
Q

operational definitions

A

key element in the design of any scientific study

41
Q

constant

A

feature or quality that always takes the same value across all situations

42
Q

construct validity

A

the extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct

43
Q

control group

A

group of individuals designed to serve as an accurate comparison in an experiment

44
Q

descriptive statistics

A

statistics designed to describe the data collected; includes mean, median and standard deviation

45
Q

empiricism

A

the philosophical perspective that states that knowledge should be gained by direct observation of the world as it is

46
Q

experimental group

A

the participants in the study who receive the manipulation in regard to the independent variable

47
Q

experimenter bias

A

actions made by the experimenter, unintentionally or deliberately, to promote the result they hope to achieve

48
Q

extraneous variable

A

variable that the researcher did not manipulate or measure, that could still affect the outcome of the experiment

49
Q

interview

A

research tool which the investigator asks the participant questions, often structured or semi structured in nature

50
Q

levels of analysis

A

different perspectives that emphasize different aspects of a research question

51
Q

measures of central tendency

A

descriptive statistical technique for summarizing a distribution of data into a single value that represents the entire population

52
Q

naturalistic observation

A

descriptive statistical technique for summarizing a distribution of data that represents the entire population

53
Q

psychological test

A

standardized measure of a sample of a person’s behaviour e.g. IQ

54
Q

raw data

A

data collected from a study that has yet to be assessed using statistical analysis

55
Q

reliability

A

the measurement consistency of tests

56
Q

replication

A

the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results can be duplicated

57
Q

social desirability bias

A

tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself

58
Q

working with raw data

A

statistics tics allow us to analyze, interpret and present the data we have collected

59
Q

types of descriptive statistics

A
  • present information at a glance to give overall idea of the result of the experiment
  • summary statistics included e.g. mean, median, mode
60
Q

histograms

A
  • pie charts, bar graphs, venn diagrams summarize and present statistics instantly to reader
  • is a graph that shows the number of times groups of values appear in a data set
  • the horizontal X-axis is divided into groups of values called bins
  • the vertical y-axis measures the number of values in the data set that fall into a giver bin known as the frequency
61
Q

frequency distribution

A

distribution with a characteristic smooth, symmetric, bell-shaped curve containing a single peak

62
Q

normal distribution

A

distribution with a characteristic smooth, bell-shaped curve containing single peak

63
Q

measures of central tendency

A

mean, median, mode

64
Q

measures of variability

A
  • second groups of descriptive statistics that review the spread and distribution of a set
  • standard deviation- the average distance of each data point from the mean, larger deviation= more spread out
65
Q

inferential statistics

A

allow us to use results from samples to make inferences about overall underlying populations

66
Q

T-test and P-value

A
  • T-test = a statistical test that considers data from both groups to determine if 2 samples were drawn from the same population
  • P-value= value expressing probability determined by the T-test
67
Q

statistic significance

A

when the difference between 2 groups is due to differences between the properties of the 2 groups, not due to random variation

68
Q

observational research

A

when scientists can not perform an experiment they observe the variables without manipulation

69
Q

correlation coefficient

A

the degree by which 2 variables are correlated (measure of strength between 2 variables) symbolized by the letter r

  • correlation does not equal causation
  • +1= positively correlated, both variables increase
  • -1= negatively correlated, as one variable increases the other decreases
  • as the relationship between the 2 variables gets weaker, the correlation coefficient reaches 0

psych 1x03 (7 decks)

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