classical conditioning

Question 1

conditional reflex

Answer 1

being trained to expect something due a re-occurring sound etc.

Question 2

contingent relationship

Answer 2

one stimulus reliably leads to the presentation of another (e.g. you see the flash of lightening before you hear the crash of thunder)

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

learning of a contingency between a particular signal and a later event

Question 4

unconditional stimulus (US)

Answer 4

any stimulus or event, occurs naturally, prior to learning (e.g. food)

Question 5

unconditional response (UR)

Answer 5

the response that occurs after the unconditional stimulus;occurs naturally, prior to learning (salivating seeing food)

Question 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

paired with the unconditional stimulus to produce a learned contingency (e.g. ringing a bell)

Question 7

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 7

the response that occurs once the contingency between the CS and the US have been learned (e..g salivating expecting food)

Question 8

acquisition

Answer 8

the process where a contingency between a CS and US is learned

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

loss of the CR when the CS no longer predicts the US

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

the sudden recovery of a conditional response following a rest period after extinction

Question 11

stimulus generalization

Answer 11

process where the stimuli to the CS elicits a CR

Question 12

stimulus discriminiation

Answer 12

restricts the range of conditional stimuli that can elicit a response

Question 13

phobia

Answer 13

an exaggerated, intense and persistent fear of certain situation, activities, things, or people

Question 14

impulsive therapy

Answer 14

an individual with a particular phobia is encouraged to confront the CS that evokes their anxiety

Question 15

systematic desensitization

Answer 15

uses a more gradual exposure to the feared stimulus

Question 16

learning

Answer 16

relatively enduring change in behavior due to experience

Question 17

non associative learning

Answer 17

information about one external stimulus

Question 18

part of non associative learning: habituation

Answer 18

decrease in behavioral responding to a repeated stimulus after repeated presentations
e.g. a new sound in your environment, such as a new ring tone, may initially draw your attention or even become distracting but eventually not be as important anymore

Question 19

part of non associative learning: sensitization

Answer 19

increase in behavioural responding to a repeated stimulus

Question 20

associative learning:

Answer 20

how 2 or more pieces of information are related

Question 21

part of associative learning: classical conditioning

Answer 21

learn that 2 stimuli go together

Question 22

part of associative learning: operant conditioning

Answer 22

learn that a behaviour leads to a particular outcome

Question 23

long term potentiation

Answer 23

the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons

Question 24

4 things to know about CC (classical conditioning)

Answer 24

-generates multiple responses
-establishes preferences and aversions
-underlies various psychological conditions
pairing the US and the CS is not sufficient for conditioning to occur

Question 25

conditioning outside the lab

Answer 25

conditioning in the real world is complex, a conditional stimulus may not be identical each time it is presented

Question 26

stimulus generalization

Answer 26

the process by which stimuli similar to the conditional stimulus will also elicit a conditioned response

Question 27

generalization gradient

Answer 27

stimuli similar to the original conditional stimulus elicits a similar response to the original conditional stimulus

Question 28

generalization and extinction

Answer 28

generalization gradient should be flattened once extinction occurs

Question 29

stimulus discrimination

Answer 29

restricts the range of additional stimuli that will elicit a response
-the complement to stimulus generalization

Question 30

the CS+, CS-

Answer 30

• CS+: predicts the presence of the unconditional stimulus

- CS-: predicts the absence of the unconditional stimulus