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psychology paper 2 > research methods 1 > Flashcards

research methods 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a pilot study

A

a small scale run trial to see if any of the procedures need adjusting

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2
Q

what is a confederate

A

a person who plays an undercover role in an investigation

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3
Q

what are the 4 major principles of ethics

A

respect, competence, responsibility and integrity

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4
Q

what are the 7 ethical guidelines

A

informed consent, right to withdraw, deception, debriefing, protection from harm, confidentiality, competence.

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5
Q

what is a target population

A

a group of people that researchers want to be able to generalise there findings to

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6
Q

what is sample

A

a small group selected from the target population who take part in the investigation

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7
Q

what is random sampling

A

where a sample is picked at random from the target population e.g. picking names out of a hat

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8
Q

what is opportunity sampling

A

where u select people who are willing and able to take part in the investigation

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9
Q

what is volunteer sampling

A

where people volunteer to be apart of the study through seeing an ad etc

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10
Q

what is systematic sampling

A

where the researcher makes a full list of the TP, then picks a person every Nth term

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11
Q

what is stratified sampling

A

where researcher calculates the proportions of strata of TP and ensures strata are represented by the correct proportions in their sample

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12
Q

what is an experiment

A

the manipulation of variables to establish cause and effect using standardised procedures

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13
Q

whats an aim

A

abroad statement that summarises what is going to be investigated

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14
Q

what is a hypothesis (what are the 3 different ones)

A

a testable statement of what researchers predict.
null(IV has no effect on DV), directional (knowing hat the difference is going to be), non-directional9not knowing what is going to change)

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15
Q

what is an independant variable

A

a variable that is manipulated by the researcher

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16
Q

what is a dependant variable

A

a variable which is measured

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17
Q

what are extraneous variables

A

variable that must be controlled or eliminated otherwise they could effect the DV

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of extraneous variables and what do they do

A

participant variables(internal): variables to do wit the participant e.g. age, gender
situational variables(external): variables to do with the situation e.g. time of day, lighting

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19
Q

what are confounding variables

A

variables that havent been controlled which will effect the results of the stdy

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20
Q

how do you partially control demand characteristics

A

deception or single blind method

21
Q

how to reduce researcher bias(investigator effects)

A

use the double blind method

22
Q

what are the 5 key features of a lab experiment

A
  1. highly controlled environment
  2. experimenter deliberately manipulates IV
  3. experimenter measures DV
  4. experimenter controlls EV
  5. standardised procedures
23
Q

what are the 4 key features of field experiments

A
  1. conducted in natural environment
  2. experimenter changes IV
  3. experimenters measure DV
  4. controls EV
24
Q

what are the key features of a natural and quasi experiments

A
  1. no control over the IV
  2. measures the DV
  3. no control over EV
25
Q

whats the difference between natural and quasi experiments

A

natural: IV is naturally occuring
quasi: IV is based on existing differences e.g. age, gender etc

26
Q

what are the 3 main ways in which an experimenter can allocate paricipants to a control group

A
  1. independant measures
  2. repeated measures
  3. matched pairs
27
Q

whats an independant measures design

A

where the experimenter uses different people in each condition of the IV

28
Q

what is a repeated measures design

A

where the experimenters have the same participants take part in each condition of the IV

29
Q

whats matched pairs design

A

where the experimenters have participants paired with pts with similar variables then are split into different control groups

30
Q

what are hte 5 key features of a case study

A
  1. in-depth investigation of 1 person or small group
  2. naturally occuring events
  3. longitudinal or retrospective
  4. researcher gather a range of info
  5. number of methods to gather info
31
Q

what are the 4 key features of an observation

A
  1. a systematic measurement of spontaneously occuring behaviour
  2. can be conducted in a controlled or natural environment
  3. can be structured or unstructured
  4. researchers use a coding system with behaviour categories to record and reduce observer bias
32
Q

what are the 8 types of observations

A

naturalistic or controlled, structured or unstructured, participants or non-participants, covert or overt

33
Q

what is time sampling

A

where researhcer records behaviour at regular time intervals

34
Q

what is event sampling

A

where observer decides before hand what behaviours are going to be recorded then continuously records behaviours whie events are taking place

35
Q

what are the 5 ways to stablish inter-observer reliablity

A
  1. researchers collectively decide operationalised behavioural categories
  2. oberve same scene individually
  3. collect data individually
  4. compare results
  5. correlate results. if +0.8 correlation the observation is said to have inter-observer reliablility
36
Q

what are the 3 key features of surveys and questionnaires

A
  1. have pts self report
  2. have both open and closed questions
  3. have a large representative sample
37
Q

what are the 3 key features of interviews.

A
  1. enables a natural and flexible approach to questioning and are useful tog ather info
  2. they can be structured, unstructured or semi-structured
  3. can ask either closed or opened questioned
38
Q

what are the 4 key features of correlations

A
  1. it measures the relationship between 2 covariables and DOESNT show cause and effect
  2. relationships can be positive and negative
  3. relationships can be strong and week
  4. can be represented in a scatter graph
39
Q

what is a correlation co-efficient

A

a number between -1 to +1 that indicates the strength of a relationship

40
Q

what are the5 strict rules when writing a correlational hypothesis

A
  1. Never use the word difference or effect
  2. Always use the word correlation or relationship
  3. DONT use the terms IV or DV
  4. the 2 co-variable shuold be fully operationalised
  5. need quantitive data
41
Q

what are the 4 steps to thematic analysis

A
  1. start with a research hypothesis
  2. data is collected through interviewing participants using open questions
  3. a detailed transcripts are made of the interviews
  4. identify common themes and use direct quotations to support finding and write a report about it
42
Q

what is thematic analysis

A

a data collecting method that aims to summarise data without losing its essential meaning

43
Q

what is content anyalisis

A

a technic where researchers take qualitive data and turn it into quantitive data

44
Q

what are the 4 step to achieving content analysis

A
  1. take a transcript of data and familiarise yourself with it by reading it several times
  2. create a behavioural checklist that link to relevant behaviours you want to identify
  3. tally down all the behaviours spotted in the transcripts fro the behaviour checklist
  4. use your tally to display the quantitive data onto a graph
45
Q

what are the 3 type sof relaibility

A
  1. external (replication)
  2. internal (consistency)
  3. observer
46
Q

what are the 3 ways of assessing reliability

A
  1. split half method (internal)
  2. test retest (external)
  3. inter rater reliability (observer)
47
Q

what are 3 ways of improving reliability

A
  1. take mulitiple measurements
  2. standardised procedures
  3. have multiple observers
48
Q

what are the 6 types of validity

A
  1. internal
  2. temporal
  3. ecological
  4. population
  5. face
  6. concurrent

psychology paper 2 (4 decks)

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