Research Eval Flashcards
What are the steps of the research process?
- Identify the question
- Design the study
- Implement the study
- Analyze the data
- Disseminate the findings
Explain Evidence-Based Practice
tIntegration of research evidence and clinical experience.
what comprises unfiltered information? (3)
RCT’s
Cohort
Case-Controlled case studies
what comprises filtered information? (3)
Systemic Review
Critically appraised topics
Critically appraised individual articles
How does the quality of evidence change in reference to Meta-Analysis?
Quality of evidence increases up the pyramid.
3 elements of experimental design
Descriptive Qualitative
Exploratory Observational
Explanatory Experimental
What are the 3 studies that are comprised in Exploratory Observational studies
Systematic Reviews
Meta-Analyses
Scoping Reviews
What is encompassed in providing external validity vs. internal validity?
External = Total population, Defined population, Study population
Internal = Study population, New treatment, Current treatment
Data types (to describe numbers)
R-atio [true zero #s]
I-nterval [non zero #’s]
O-rdinal [rank]
N-ominal [category]
what is the most general and least precise measure of central tendency
Mode.
When two values occur the same number of times
Bimodal distribution
the consistency of a measure
Reliability, highly reliable
the accuracy of a measure
Validity, usually reliable
Simplified process of EBP
Assess Ask Acquire Appraise Apply
Give an example of a Therapy clinical question
determining the effect of interventions on patient-important outcomes
Give an example of a Harm clinical question
Ascertaining the effects of potentially harmful agents
Give an example of a Differential diagnosis clinical question
In patients with a particular
clinical presentation, establishing the frequency of the
underlying disorders
Give an example of a Diagnosis clinical question clinical question
Establishing the power of a test to
differentiate between those with and without a target condition or disease
Give an example of a Prognosis clinical question
Estimating a patient’s future course.
3 aspects of biostatistics
Incidence
Prevalence
Measures of Association
3 Measures of Association
Odds Ratio
Relative Risk/Risk Ratio
Hazard Ratio
Descriptive Studies include what 3 things
patterns
observations
clues to disease etiology
Exploratory/Explanatory Research includes what two categories?
Experimental-Has an active intervention
from the investigator.
Observational-Investigator observes nature
Descriptive Research
describes a group of invidiuals on a set of variables, to document their characteristics.
Developmental Research
investigates patterns of change over time within selected segments of a population, or it may chronicle the natural history of disease or disability.
Normative Studies
focus on establishing normal values for specific variables.
Case Series are used for what 2 main things
Examine adverse events or effects or new diseases
Discuss the potential efficacy of a
new treatment
What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?
In a cross-sectional study you collect data from a population at a specific point in time; in a longitudinal study you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time.
prevalence
(% of population)
incidence
(rate)
Simultaneous ascertainment
Examines the relationship between outcomes and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population
Is a cross-sectional study an incidence study or prevalence?
prevalence study
OR >1
indicates increased occurrence of an event
OR <1
indicates decreased occurrence of an event (protective exposure)
Purpose of case control studies
determine if the frequency of an exposure or certain personal characteristics are different for those who did and did not get the disease.
What are the 4 outcomes a case-control study can not do
Can’t determine prevalence
Can’t make causal interpretations
Can’t determine incidence
Can’t calculate Relative risk
Retrospective Study characteristics
start with a cohort and go back in time to evaluate past exposures to risk factors
Prospective Study characteristics
identify a group of people who are already taking a particular treatment or have an exposure, follow them forward over time, and then compare their outcomes with a similar group that has not been affected by the treatment or exposure being studied
What do retro studies require that can be hard to obtain?
require
presence of records or recall
What 3 things are protected by blinding study participants
A participant’s response to the treatment
A health care provider’s behavior
The assessment of the treatment effects
what is in the intent to treat analysis
Compares subject outcomes based on their original group assignment even if they dropped out or were non- compliant
Primary reason for randomization
Another name for External Validity
generalizability
what levels Generally represents the strongest evidence
The top two levels of the EBM pyramid
What is the difference between a “systematic review” and a “meta-analysis”?
syst-thorough, comprehensive, and explicit way of interpreting the medical literature.
met-a statistical approach to combine the data derived from several selected studies.
what is used to develop GPG (General Practice Guidelines)
“systematic review” and a “meta-analysis”
P values alone ______ determine clinical significance.
Do not
