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ipap class 21-2 > Research Eval > Flashcards

Research Eval Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of the research process?

A
  1. Identify the question
  2. Design the study
  3. Implement the study
  4. Analyze the data
  5. Disseminate the findings
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2
Q

Explain Evidence-Based Practice

A

tIntegration of research evidence and clinical experience.

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3
Q

what comprises unfiltered information? (3)

A

RCT’s
Cohort
Case-Controlled case studies

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4
Q

what comprises filtered information? (3)

A

Systemic Review
Critically appraised topics
Critically appraised individual articles

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5
Q

How does the quality of evidence change in reference to Meta-Analysis?

A

Quality of evidence increases up the pyramid.

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6
Q

3 elements of experimental design

A

Descriptive Qualitative
Exploratory Observational
Explanatory Experimental

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7
Q

What are the 3 studies that are comprised in Exploratory Observational studies

A

Systematic Reviews
Meta-Analyses
Scoping Reviews

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8
Q

What is encompassed in providing external validity vs. internal validity?

A

External = Total population, Defined population, Study population

Internal = Study population, New treatment, Current treatment

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9
Q

Data types (to describe numbers)

A

R-atio [true zero #s]
I-nterval [non zero #’s]
O-rdinal [rank]
N-ominal [category]

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10
Q

what is the most general and least precise measure of central tendency

A

Mode.

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11
Q

When two values occur the same number of times

A

Bimodal distribution

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12
Q

the consistency of a measure

A

Reliability, highly reliable

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13
Q

the accuracy of a measure

A

Validity, usually reliable

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14
Q

Simplified process of EBP

A 
Assess
Ask
Acquire
Appraise
Apply
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15
Q

Give an example of a Therapy clinical question

A

determining the effect of interventions on patient-important outcomes

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16
Q

Give an example of a Harm clinical question

A

Ascertaining the effects of potentially harmful agents

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17
Q

Give an example of a Differential diagnosis clinical question

A

In patients with a particular
clinical presentation, establishing the frequency of the
underlying disorders

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18
Q

Give an example of a Diagnosis clinical question clinical question

A

Establishing the power of a test to

differentiate between those with and without a target condition or disease

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19
Q

Give an example of a Prognosis clinical question

A

Estimating a patient’s future course.

20
Q

3 aspects of biostatistics

A

Incidence
Prevalence
Measures of Association

21
Q

3 Measures of Association

A

Odds Ratio
Relative Risk/Risk Ratio
Hazard Ratio

22
Q

Descriptive Studies include what 3 things

A

patterns
observations
clues to disease etiology

23
Q

Exploratory/Explanatory Research includes what two categories?

A

Experimental-Has an active intervention
from the investigator.

Observational-Investigator observes nature

24
Q

Descriptive Research

A

describes a group of invidiuals on a set of variables, to document their characteristics.

25
Q

Developmental Research

A

investigates patterns of change over time within selected segments of a population, or it may chronicle the natural history of disease or disability.

26
Q

Normative Studies

A

focus on establishing normal values for specific variables.

27
Q

Case Series are used for what 2 main things

A

Examine adverse events or effects or new diseases

Discuss the potential efficacy of a
new treatment

28
Q

What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies?

A

In a cross-sectional study you collect data from a population at a specific point in time; in a longitudinal study you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time.

29
Q

prevalence

A

(% of population)

30
Q

incidence

A

(rate)

31
Q

Simultaneous ascertainment

A

Examines the relationship between outcomes and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population

32
Q

Is a cross-sectional study an incidence study or prevalence?

A

prevalence study

33
Q

OR >1

A

indicates increased occurrence of an event

34
Q

OR <1

A

indicates decreased occurrence of an event (protective exposure)

35
Q

Purpose of case control studies

A

determine if the frequency of an exposure or certain personal characteristics are different for those who did and did not get the disease.

36
Q

What are the 4 outcomes a case-control study can not do

A

Can’t determine prevalence

Can’t make causal interpretations

Can’t determine incidence

Can’t calculate Relative risk

37
Q

Retrospective Study characteristics

A

start with a cohort and go back in time to evaluate past exposures to risk factors

38
Q

Prospective Study characteristics

A

identify a group of people who are already taking a particular treatment or have an exposure, follow them forward over time, and then compare their outcomes with a similar group that has not been affected by the treatment or exposure being studied

39
Q

What do retro studies require that can be hard to obtain?

A

require

presence of records or recall

40
Q

What 3 things are protected by blinding study participants

A

A participant’s response to the treatment

A health care provider’s behavior

The assessment of the treatment effects

41
Q

what is in the intent to treat analysis

A

Compares subject outcomes based on their original group assignment even if they dropped out or were non- compliant

Primary reason for randomization

42
Q

Another name for External Validity

A

generalizability

43
Q

what levels Generally represents the strongest evidence

A

The top two levels of the EBM pyramid

44
Q

What is the difference between a “systematic review” and a “meta-analysis”?

A

syst-thorough, comprehensive, and explicit way of interpreting the medical literature.

met-a statistical approach to combine the data derived from several selected studies.

45
Q

what is used to develop GPG (General Practice Guidelines)

A

“systematic review” and a “meta-analysis”

46
Q

P values alone ______ determine clinical significance.

A

Do not

ipap class 21-2 (12 decks)

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