Reproductive APII- Female Flashcards
1
Q
Main organs of the female reproductive system
A
Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina External organs
2
Q
What systems do mammary glands belong?
A
integumentary and reproductive systems
3
Q
Describe female gonads
A
Resemble unshelled almonds in size and shape
Produce gametes
Produce hormones
4
Q
What hormones are produced in the ovaries?
A
Progesterone
Estrogen
Inhibin
Relaxin
5
Q
What holds the ovaries in place?
A
Broad ligament
Ovarian ligament
Suspensory ligament
6
Q
Attaches ovaries to pelvic wall
A
Suspensory ligament
7
Q
Anchors ovaries to uterus
A
Ovarian ligament
8
Q
Encompasses ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus
A
Broad ligament
9
Q
what is contained in the hilum?
A
Point of entrance or exit for blood vessels and nerves
10
Q
Covers surface of ovary
A
Germinal epithelium
11
Q
White capsule of dense irregular connective tissue deep to the germinal epithelium
A
Tunica albuginea
12
Q
Deep to tunica albuginea, consists of ovarian follicles which are surrounded by dense connective tissue layer that contains collagen fibers and fibroblast-like cells called stromal cells
A
Ovarian cortex
13
Q
Ovarian medulla
A
Deep to the ovarian cortex, consists of more loosely arranged connective tissue which contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
14
Q
Ovarian follicles
A
Lie in the cortex, consist of oocytes in various stages of development plus the cells surrounding them
15
Q
Granulosa cells
A
Begin with cells in single layer awaiting oogenesis
Example: primordial follicle
16
Q
Under the influence of what do cells multiply into layers
Example: primary and secondary follicles
A
FSH
17
Q
Mature (graafian) follicle
A
Large, fluid filled follicle that is ready to rupture
Expels the secondary oocyte (process of ovulation)
18
Q
Corpus luteum (yellow body)
A
Contains remnants of mature follicle after ovulation
19
Q
What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?
A
Produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin and inhibin until it degenerates
20
Q
What does the corpus luteum degenerate into?
A
Corpus albicans
21
Q
What is oogenesis?
A
Formation of gametes in ovaries
22
Q
When does oogenesis begin in females vs males?
A
Females = before birth
Males = at puberty (spermatogenesis)
23
Q
General overview of oogenesis
A
Mitosis (stops at menopause)
Meiosis
Maturation
24
Q
@ 4th of week of fetal development, what is happening?
A
Primordial germ cells migrate from yolk sac to gonadal ridge
-immature germ cell= oogonia
25
At 20 weeks oogonia are diploid stem cells that do what?
Undergo mitosis to produce 6-7 million oogonia called oocytes after meiosis
26
What is the fate of oocytes until puberty?
arrested state
27
What surrounds the arrested oocyte?
granulosa cells = primordial follicle
28
At what stage do females generate her entire life time supply of primordial follicles
Mid-gestation
29
How many primordial follicles are needed for for ovulation and what stimulates this development?
10-30,
FSH/LH
30
What do primordial follicles morph into?
Primary follicles with multiple layers of granulosa cells.
31
What does a primary follicle produce in small amounts inside the follicle?
estrogen containing fluid
32
Stromal cells surrounding basement membrane
Theca folliculi-
33
Contained maturation turns primary follicle into what?
Secondary follicle
34
What are the two layers of theca folliculi ?
Theca interna
Theca externa
35
Theca interna
highly vascularized cells, secretes precursor androgen that granulosa cells convert into estrogen
36
Theca externa
outer layer of stromal cells and collagen fibers
37
Granulosa cells
Continues to secrete estrogen-containing fluid that builds up in a cavity called the antrum (in center of secondary follicle)
38
Corona radiata
Innermost layer of granulosa cells converts into cumulus-granulosa cells, which attach to the oocyte
39
Zona pellucida
As the oocyte develops, it secretes a gel-like matrix that coats itself
40
What is the relative size of haploid cells produced after meiosis of mature follicles?
UNEQUAL SIZE
41
The smaller haploid cell is called the,
the larger?
FIRST POLAR BODY
secondary oocyte
42
What does the first polar body consist of?
Packet of discarded nuclear material
| Either degenerates or divides to form non-functional cells
43
What does the secondary oocyte do?
Receives most of the cytoplasm
Begins meiosis II but stops in metaphase
Is then released (ovulation)
44
if fertilization does not occur what happens?
all cells degenerate
45
When is a diploid zygote created?
After the secondary oocyte splits and sperm penetrates, the ovum becomes larger and is added to the nuclei of the sperm.
46
After ovulation what surrounds the mature follicle?
currents produced by fimbrae
47
Where does the oocyte pull after the peritoneal cavity
fallopian tube
48
What type of movement pulls the secondary oocyte towards the uterus?
Peristaltic movement
49
Where does sperm usually encounter the secondary oocyte?
The ampulla of fallopian tube
50
what is a fertilized oocyte called?
diploid zygote
51
Where does the zygote go and what does it do?
begins cell division while moving towards the uterine wall 6-7 days after ovulation
52
Uterus is superior to the bladder and projects anteriorly. What is this called?
Anteflexion
53
The uterus is ___ to the rectum
Anterior
54
What 4 main things happen in the uterus?
Part of the pathway for sperm deposited in the vagina to reach the uterine tube
Site of implantation of the fertilized ovum,
Development of the fetus during pregnancy/labor
If implantation does not occur, uterus is source of menstrual flow
55
What are the two peritoneal pouches?
Vesicouterine pouch
Rectouterine pouch
56
Uterus Anatomy
Fundus-
Body-
Cervix-
Isthmus-
Uterine cavity-
Cervical canal-
top of the uterus
central portion
inferior extension of uterus into vaginal canal
region between the body and the cervix.
interior of the body
57
Internal os
External os
opening of the canal into the uterus
opening of the canal into the vagina
58
The 3 histological layers of the uterus external to internal
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
59
Laterally becomes broad ligament
Anteriorly covers bladder, forms vesicouterine pouch
Posteriorly covers rectum, forms rectouterine pouch
Perimetrium
60
rectouterine pouch
This is the inferior most location in the abdominal cavity
| Tends to be where fluid collects
61
consisting of three layers of smooth muscle
Myometrium
62
Stratum functionalis layer- shed each month during menstruation
Endometrium
63
Stratum basalis layer- permanent, gives rise to what?
New stratum functionalis layer
64
UTERINE LIGAMENTS
Broad Ligaments-
Uterosacral Ligaments-
Cardinal (lateral) Ligaments
Round Ligaments-
double folds of peritoneum
Encompasses ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus
peritoneal extensions
Lie on either side of rectum
Connect uterus (specifically cervix) to sacrum
Inferior to base of broad ligaments
Extend from pelvic wall to cervix and vagina
fibrous connective tissue between broad ligaments
65
Branches of what arteries supply the uterus?
internal illiac
66
What branches off the uterine arteries?
Arcuate arteries, radial arteries , then before you enter the endometrium branch into straight arterioles and spiral arterioles
67
Straight arteriole
Spiral arteriole
supply stratum basalis
supply stratum functionalis*
68
Uterine veins emtpty into where?
internal illiac veins
69
A cervix that has never passed a fetus
Nulliparous
70
A cervix that has passed a fetus
Parous
71
Ectocervix
lined with multi-layered stratified squamous epithelium
72
Endocervix
lined with single-layer tall columnar epithelium
Much thinner/fragile
Contains multiple lubricating glands
73
Squamocolumnar Junction (SCJ)
Where the two types of cells meet
Location dependent on
Hormones, age, birth trauma
When fragile columnar cells exposed to acidic vagina, metaplasia occurs forming a new SCJ
74
Transformation Zone
Space between original and new SCJ
| This appears shiny
75
Cells within where are susceptible to HPV infection?
Transformation Zone
76
Tubular, 4 inch long fibromuscular canal
| Lined with a mucous membrane that extends from exterior of body to cervix
Vagina
77
Fornix
Recess (area) that surrounds vaginal attachment to cervix
78
Anchors vagina to adjacent organs
Adventitia
79
Composed of an outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.
What does this layer allow?
Muscularis
This allows the vagina to stretch during intercourse and childbirth
80
Continuous with that of the uterus
Mucosa
81
The vulva AKA refers to what?
pudenum
Mons Pubis
Labia Major
Labia Minora
82
Clitoris
Contains erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa) and numerous blood vessels and nerves
83
layer of skin formed at the point where labia minora unite, covers body of clitoris
Prepuce
84
glans clitoris
exposed portion of clitoris
85
Vestibule
| contains what 4 things?
hymen
vaginal orifice
external urethral orifice
openings of ducts of several glands
86
Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands
lateral to urethral orifice
secrete mucous
embedded in the wall of the urethra
87
Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands
lateral to vaginal orifice
| produce mucous during sexual arousal to provide lubrication
88
Bulbs of the vestibule
Has two masses of erectile tissue that engorge during sexual arousal to narrow the vaginal orifice applying pressure during intercourse
89
Corpus cavernosum of Clitoris
Erectile and very sensitive tissue that fill with blood during sexual arousal as well
90
Distal portion of the corpus cavernosum of clitoris is the what?
Glans Clitoris
91
Diamond shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks
Perineum in males and females
92
What does the perineum contain?
external genitalia and anus
93
Anterior aspect of perineum
Pubic symphysis
94
Ischial tuberosity- lateral apsects
A transverse line drawn from one tuberosity to the other
95
Diamond of perineum divides into what?
Urogenital triangle
Anal triangle
96
Posterior aspect of perineum?
coccyx
97
What muscles do the mammary glands lie anterior?
Pectoralis major
Serratus anterior
98
Lactiferous ducts
series of closely spaced openings where milk emerges
99
Coopers ligaments
between breast skin and fascia
100
How many mammary glands are in each breast?
One
101
How many lobes are in each glans
15-20
102
What is in a lobe?
Lobules filled with alveoli that secrete milk
103
Functions of mammary glands
Lactation- synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk
104
What is the range for a reproductive cycle?
24-36 days
105
Hormones from where control oogenesis
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
106
2 cycles within reproductive cycle
Ovarian cycle
| Uterine cycle
107
Includes changes that occur during and after maturation of the oocyte
Ovarian cycle
108
Uterine cycle
Involves changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo
If fertilization does not occur, the ovarian hormones recede and cause sloughing of the stratum functionalis
109
Released from the hypothalamus
Controls both the ovarian and uterine cycles
Stimulates release of LH and FSH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
110
Initiates follicular growth
| Androgens (made by LH) taken up by the granulosa cells and turns it into estrogen
Follicle Stimulating Hormone
111
Stimulates further development of ovarian follicles
Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens
Triggers ovulation (mid-cycle)
Luteinizing Hormone
112
What does LH help to form?
What hormones does this secrete?
Corpus luteum
Progesterone
Relaxin*-Very small amounts produced unless fertilization occurs
Inhibin*-Very small amounts produced unless fertilization occurs
113
Promotes development and maintenance of
Reproductive structures
Breasts
2° sex characteristics
Increases protein anabolism
Includes building of strong bones
Synergistic with hGH
Estrogen
114
How does estrogen affect cholesterol and the blood?
Lower blood cholesterol
Moderate levels of estrogen in blood inhibit release of GnRH and secretion of FSH/LH
115
Progesterone is secreted by cells of what?
Corpus luteum
116
Synergistic with estrogen to prepare and maintain endometrium
Helps to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion
High levels also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH
Progesterone
117
During pregnancy, placenta produces much more of this which helps stave off uterine contractions
Thought to help increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and help dilate cervix during labor
Relaxin
118
Secreted by granulosa cells (of growing follicles) and corpus luteum after ovulation
Inhibits secretion of FSH and (too a lesser extent) LH
Inhibin
119
4 phases of reproductive cycle
Menstrual (day 1-5)
Preovulatory (day 6-13)
Ovulation (day 14 or 15)
Postovulatory (15-28)
120
Menstrual and preovulatory phases =
Ovulation and postovulatory phases =
Preovulatory phase =
Postovulatory phase =
Follicular
Luteal
Proliferative
Secretory
121
Increased FSH starts what inside the ovaries?
the progression of primordial follicles into primary follicles
122
What happens with declining levels of progesterone and estrogen?
(3 steps)
release of prostaglandins
Prostaglandins cause spiral arterioles to constrict
The dying of these cells forces the stratum functionalis layer to slough off causing menses
123
Approximately on day 10, one of the secondary follicles does what?
has outgrown all others to become the dominant follicle
124
The estrogen and inhibin secreted by the dominant follicle does what?
decreases the release of FSH
125
The dominant follicle
Mature (graafian) follicle
126
Estrogen production is increased as the size what?
The follicle increases
127
What stimulates the repair of the endometrium?
Estrogen liberated into blood by growing follicles
128
As the endometrium thickens what happens?
the short straight endometrial glands develop, the arterioles coil and lengthen as they penetrate the stratum functionalis
Endometrium doubles in size, now 4-10mm in thickness
129
What day of the cycle does the mature follicle rupture?
Day 14 of a 28 day cycle
130
High levels of estrogen in pre-ovulatory phase exert what type of feedback?
Positive feedback for LH and GnRH
Causing ovulation
131
After ovulation what happens to mature follicles?
They collapse
The basement membrane breaks down
LH causes these cells to become corpus luteum.
132
What is the lifespan of the corpus luteum?
2 weeks
133
Hormone decline causes the corpus luteum to do what?
degenerates into the corpus albicans
134
Where does sperm penetrate in order to initiate meiosis II?
zona pellucida
135
After the sperm enters the secondary oocyte what happens?
Ovum and second polar body produced
-pro nuclei = zygote
136
What rescues the corpus luteum pass its 2 week lifespan?
human chorionic gonadotropic hormone
137
What is the first clinical sign of positive pregnancy
hCG hormone
138
_________ and _______________ produced by corpus luteum
Promote growth and coiling of the endometrial glands
Vascularization of the superficial endometrium
Thickening of the endometrium (12-18mm)
Progesterone and Estrogen
139
Withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone cause
Menstruation
140
Four stages of female orgasm
Excitement
Plateau Phase
Orgasm Phase
Resolution Phase
141
prostate specific antigen which are homologous to prostate, are produced where?
skenes glands
142
What is the composition of female ejaculate?
urine
prostate specific antigen
bartholin gland secretion
143
Resolution phase is what type of response?
sympathetic
144
Excitement phase is what type of response?
parasympathetic
145
Describe the male vasectomy
Ductus (vas) deferens is removed on two sides and tied.
BV are not cut so testosterone levels remain the same
146
What happens to sperm after a vasectomy?
continues in the testes but cant reach the exterior
147
Describe female tubal ligation
Uterine tubes are tied and cut, cauterized or clamped/clipped
These processes are to prevent the secondary oocyte from passing through the tubes or sperm from getting to the oocyte in the tubes
148
Describe female Non-incisional Sterilization
Irreversible procedure as alternative to tubal ligation
Coil inserted into the tubes which causes scar tissue to form
149
What do some hormonal methods contain?
Progestin , with action similar to progesterone
150
What is unique about oral contraceptives that contain both estrogen and progestin
The combined forms inhibit ovulation by suppressing the FSH/LH
Low levels of FSH/LH prevents development of dominant follicle in ovary
151
Oral Contraceptives
| Noncontraceptive benefits
Regulation of length of menstrual cycle
Decreased menstrual flow (decreased risk of anemia)
Provides protection against endometrial and ovarian cancers
Reduces risk of endometriosis
152
Noncontraceptive Risks
| to oral contraceptives
women with blood clotting disorders, cerebral blood vessel damage, migraine headaches, hypertension, liver malfunction, heart disease are not advised oral contraceptive.
153
IUD’s
Made of plastic, copper, or stainless steel
Inserted into the internal os of the uterus
Prevents sperm from entering uterus
154
Spermicides
Foams, creams, jellies, suppositories and douches that contain sperm-killing agents
Make the vagina unfavorable for sperm survival
Available without prescription
155
pain with ovulation is called?
mittelschmerz
"helpful if using periodic abstinence"
156
Abortion occurs usually before what week?
20th week
157
Female aging reproductive system
Between 40-50 years old, ovarian pool is exhausted
Production of estrogen declines no matter how much
FSH/LH is released from ant. pit
Hot flashes and heavy sweating start to occur from the surge of GnRH
With loss of estrogen, decrease in bone mineral density occurs
158
Male aging reproductive system
Healthy men maintain their reproductive capabilities into 80’s-90’s
Age 50-55 men begin decrease in testosterone synthesis
Can lead to reduced muscle strength, fewer viable sperm, reduced libido
Age 60 potentially brings increase in prostate size 2-4x’s normal called Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
