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IPAP Class 21-2 > Micro Block 5 - Parasites > Flashcards

Micro Block 5 - Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiosis

A

Two organisms of different species living together

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2
Q

Commensalism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism is benefited and the other is neither benefited nor harmed

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3
Q

Mutualism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms are benefited

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4
Q

Facultative parasite

A

Normally free living organism, but may become an opportunistic parasite

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5
Q

Obligate parasite

A

Cannot survive in a free living state.

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6
Q

Incidental parasite

A

Establishes itself in a host in which it does not normally live (dog flea bites a human).

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7
Q

Endoparasite

A

A parasite living inside the host

Worm

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8
Q

Ectoparasite

A

A parasite living on the external
surface of the host

Mite

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9
Q

Definitive host

A

The host that harbors the adult or sexually reproducing stages of a parasite

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10
Q

Intermediate host

A

That host which harbors the immature, larval, or asexually reproducing forms of a parasite

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11
Q

Reservoir host

A

A host which replaces man in the life cycle of the parasite

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12
Q

Paratenic host

A

A host that serves as a transport host in which the parasitic forms undergo no development, but passes on to the final host

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13
Q

Autoinfection

A

A reinfection in which the host is its own source of infection from a source already present in the body

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14
Q

Which is a better environment for a trophozoite parasite?

Formed Stool
Loose Stool

A

Loose

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15
Q

Remains on or within the epidermis or subcutaneous tissues
Penetrates to other host organs or tissues

What route of infection does this describe?

A

Active Penetration

Through host tissues, skin or mucous membranes
Ex: Swimmers itch, mosquito bite

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16
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

can be transmitted how?

A

Fecal to oral and Sexually (Venereal)

[intenstinal protozoan]

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17
Q

Characteristics of protozoan taxonomy

A
  • reproduce = binary fission

- facultative anaerobes

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18
Q

4 protist groups of human parasites

A

Opisthokonta
(protists as well as fungi and animals)
Amoebozoa •Excavata•SAR

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19
Q

What are the 7 intestinal protozoans?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

Giardia duodenalis/intestinalis

Dientamoeba fragilis

Neobalantidium coli

Cystoisospora belli

Cryptosporidium spp.

Cyclospora spp.

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20
Q

a cyst containing a zygote formed by a parasitic protozoan such as the malaria parasite

A

Oocyst

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21
Q

The only urogenital protozoa

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

Sexually TxM (Venereal)

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22
Q

Blood and Tissue Protozoa (7)

A 
Naegleria and Acanthamoeba spp.
Plasmodium spp.
Babesia spp
Toxoplasma gondii
Leishmania spp.
Trypanosoma cruzi
T. brucei
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23
Q

Metazoan animalia parasites

A
  • Helminths (“worms”)

* Arthropods (crabs, insects, ticks, and others).

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24
Q

Helminth Characteristics

A
  • Complex multicellular organisms that are elongated and bilaterally symmetric.
  • Often helminths possess elaborate attachment structures, such as hooks, suckers, teeth, or plates.
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25
Q

Two groups of helminths in humans

A

Nematoda and the Platyhelminthes.

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26
Q

clade consists of the flatworms, which have flattened bodies that are leaflike or resemble ribbon segments

A

Platyhelminthes.

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27
Q

Platyhelminthes. can be divided into

A

trematodes and cestodes.

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28
Q

The four major categories of arthropods of interest in human medicine are;

A
  • Myriapoda(centipedes and millipedes).
  • Crustaceans-Several are intermediate hosts in life cycles of various intestinal or blood and tissue helminths.
  • Chelicerata- Mites, ticks, spiders, and scorpions
  • Hexapoda.mosquitoes, flies, midges, fleas, lice, bugs, wasps, and ants.
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29
Q

Protozoan Food uptake

A

Pinocytosis,

Phagocytosis of soluble or particulate,

Ingestion through cytostome,

Diffusion.

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30
Q

Helminth Food uptake

A

Ingest host tissue/fluids

Absorption

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31
Q

Helminth energy conservation

A

primarily anaerobic, although the larval forms may require oxygen.

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32
Q

What species infect via ingestion

A

Giardia spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., cestodes, nematodes

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33
Q

What species infect via Arthropod bite

A

Malaria, Babesia spp., filaria, Leishmania spp., trypanosomes

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34
Q

What species infect via Transplacental penetration

A

Toxoplasma gondii

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35
Q

What species infect via Organism-directed penetration

A

Hookworm, Strongyloides spp., schistosomes

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36
Q

Attachment of the parasitic life cycle is based on what three things?

A

Mouthparts

Adhesins

Receptors

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37
Q

Interference Mechanism :

Antigenic variation

A

Variation of surface antigens within the host

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38
Q

Interference Mechanism :

Molecular mimicry

A

Microbial antigens mimicking host antigens, leading to poor antibody response

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39
Q

Interference Mechanism :

Concealment of antigenic site (masking)

A

Acquisition of coating of host molecules

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40
Q

Interference Mechanism :
Intracellular location

(3)

A

Inhibition of phagolysosomal fusion

Escape from phagosome into cytoplasm, with subsequent replication

Failure to display microbial antigen on host cell surface

41
Q

Interference Mechanism :
Immunosuppression

(2)

A

Suppression of parasite-specific B-cell and T-cell responses

Degradation of immunoglobulins

42
Q

What medications interfere with examining specimens

A

(a) Antacids
(b) Antidiarrheal compounds
(c) Mineral oil
(d) Antibiotics

43
Q

What does water do to trophozoites?

Urine?

A
  • Destroy them

- Immobilize them

44
Q

One of the most important factors affecting the diagnosis of infections

A

Age of a stool specimen:

45
Q

Should be examined within 30 minutes from time of passage (type of specimen where trophozoites may be found)

A

Liquid and diarrheic specimens:

46
Q

Examined within one hour of passage

A

Soft specimens:

47
Q

Formed specimens:

A

Can be delayed for several hours. If longer they should be preserved.

48
Q

Fecal specimens may be stored at what temperature?

A

4 degrees C but not frozen

49
Q

•Used to detect parasites, protozoa and helminths, in the upper part if the small intestine•Do not eat 12 hours prior to testing•The end of the string is taped to your cheek or neck

A

Enterotest-String Test

50
Q

Pinworm Prep- Scotch Tape Prep

A

•This method gives best recovery of eggs if used before defecation, bathing or dressing in the morning•Firmly press the sticky side of tape to the skin around the folds of the anus

Do not use cloudy tape

51
Q

Enteric Parasite panelsFor Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Entamoeba require what kind of tests?

A

Nucleic acid testing

52
Q

Specimens fro testing

A

•CSF•Skin scrapings•Biopsy•Serum•Bone marrow

53
Q

Eosinophil characteristics

A

1-3% of peripheral blood
Bilobed nucleus
Cytoplasmic granules

54
Q

Ways Eosinp. kill

A

1) Chemotaxis
2) Receptors
3) Phagocytosis
4) Granules

55
Q

•It is best to collect multiple parasite specimens on the same patient on the same day.•True•False

A

True

56
Q

Cestode characteristics

A

Flat, ribbon shaped
•All are hermaphrodites•
No digestive system

57
Q

The head of cestodes is called

A

Scolex

58
Q

•Individual segments are called ____________•A chain of proglottids is called a _________

A

Proglottids

strobili

59
Q

Medically important cestodes

A

Taenia solium

Taenia saginata

Diphyllobothrium latum

Echinococcus granulosus

E. multilocularis

Hymenolepis nana

H. diminuta

Dipylidium caninum

60
Q

Taenia solium

A

Africa, India, Southeast Asia

Eating undercooked pork

Indigestion, diarrhea

61
Q

Diagnose T. Solium

A

stool exam

62
Q

Cysticercosis

A

Involves infection of people with the larval stage of T. solium (the cysticercus), which normally infects pigs

Eating T. solium eggs

63
Q

Diagnose Cysticercosis

A

imaging of calcified cysticerci, visualize after excision, CT/MRI. Serology

64
Q

Taenia saginata

A

Worldwide, including the US•

Cause: Eating undercooked beef/limit exposure to human waste

ague abdominal pains, chronic indigestion, and hunger pains

65
Q

Diagnose Taenia saginata

A

stool exam

66
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)

A

Large tapeworms (20 to 30 feet long)

Worldwide

Ingestion of this sparganum in raw or insufficiently cooked fish initiates infection.

Wider than they are long (≈8 by 4 mm), have a central uterine structure resembling a rosette,

67
Q

What are fish tapeworm eggs like?

A

Eggs have an operculum and a knob on the shell at the bottom

68
Q

How does fish tapeworm end up. in the fish?

A

In 2-4 weeks, the coracidium exits the operculum and is eaten by crustaceans and develops into a procercoid larval form.

The crustacean harboring the larval stage is then eaten by a fish, and the infectious plerocercoid, or sparganum larvae, develop in the musculature of the fish.

69
Q

(The larval forms of several tapeworms closely related to D. latum (most often Spirometra species) )

A

Sparganosis

70
Q

Sparganosis

A

Most prevalent Asia. Cold water lakes

Cause: drinking pond or ditch water that contains crustaceans (copepods) that carry a larval tapeworm. Eating raw tadpoles, frog, snake

Subcutaneous sites; painful inflammatory tissue reactions. In the eye, painful, with periorbital edema, possible corneal ulcers and ocular involvement

71
Q

How do you diagnose Sparganosis

A

Surgical removal and sample looks like tapeworm.

72
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

A

global,correlated with raising sheep

Cause: Human infection follows ingestion of contaminated water or vegetation, as well as hand-to-mouth transmission of canine feces carrying the infective eggs.

Slow growing (5-20 years). Pressure from cyst often first sign. Location dependent.

73
Q

How do you diagnose Echinococcus granulosus

A

Imaging. Aspiration might confirm diagnosis, but high risk of anaphylaxis/dissemination. Serology, especially for hepatic cysts

74
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis

A

Canada, Soviet Union, Japan

Adult tapeworms are primarily found in foxes and wolves,

Rodent intermediate hosts

Eggs hatch in and penetrate the intestinal tract to become oncospheres which enter the circulation and usually go to the liver and lungs but also possibly in the brain.

75
Q

What can be mistaken for carcinoma and why

A

Echinococcus multilocularis

No protoscolices

76
Q

Hymenolepis nana

A

Worldwide, North America

dwarf tapeworm

NO intermediate host

Poor hygiene, auto-reinfection

77
Q

How do you diagnose Hymenolepis nana

A

Stool examination of H. nana egg with its six-hooked embryo and polar filaments.

78
Q

Hymenolepis diminuta

A

Worldwide

primarily a tapeworm of rats and mice, but it is also found in humans.

The scolex lacks hooklets, and the egg is larger and bile stained and has no polar filaments.

79
Q

How do you diagnose Hymenolepis diminuta

A

A characteristic bile-stained egg that lacks polar filaments

80
Q

Dipylidium caninum

A

Worldwide children dogs / cats

Primarily a parasite of dogs and cats or direct swallowing the infected flea leads to intestinal infection.

Anal pruritus due to active migration of the motile proglottids.

rarely see free eggs

81
Q

Diagnose Dipylidium caninum

A

Egg packets (microscopic)/ visible proglottids may be in feces

82
Q

Two types of muscular suckers for trematodes

A
  • oral type (beginning of an incomplete digestive system)

* ventral, which is an organ of attachment.

83
Q

The only exception to trematodes being hermaphrodites

A

Schistosomes have cylindric bodies and separate male and female worms exist.

No operculum

84
Q

Flukes require _______ ______ _____ ________ as the first intermediate hosts for the completion of their life cycles

A

mollusks (snails and clams)

85
Q

What are the 5 medically signficant trematodes?

A

Fasciolopsis buski

Fasciola hepatica

Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis

Paragonimus westermani

Schistosoma species

86
Q

Fasciolopsis buski (giant intestinal fluke).

A

Needs an appropriate snail host. China, Vietnam, Thailand, parts of Indonesia, Malaysia, and India.

the LARGEST, most PREVALENT, and most important intestinal fluke

Humans ingest the metacercaria encysted larva which develops into immature flukes in the duodenum.

The adult fluke attaches to the mucosa of the small intestine and undergoes self-fertilization.

87
Q

Diagnose Fasciolopsis buski

A

Large, golden, bile-stained eggs with an operculum on the top

88
Q

Fasciola hepatica sheep liver fluke

A

Australia, China, Egypt, Bolivia, Peru, and many other Latin American countries.

A parasite of herbivores (particularly sheep and cattle) and humans.

The larval flukes migrate through the liver parenchyma and enter the bile ducts to become adult worms

Some worms invade the liver to produce necrotic foci referred to as liver rot.

89
Q

Diagnose Fasciola hepatica

A

Eggs in bile are diagnostic. Serlogy/ELISA

*hard to tell the difference between this and F. Buski

90
Q

Clonorchis sinensis Chinese liver fluke

A

China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, Asian refugees

life cycle involves two intermediate hosts.

eggs are eaten by the snail, where reproduction begins

uncooked freshwater fish take up the cercariae encyst where it develop into infective metacercariae.

91
Q

Diagnose Clonorchis sinensis

A

Distinctive eggs from stool. Repeat stool or duodenal aspirates may be necessary.

Eosinophilia elevated alkaline phosphatase

92
Q

Paragonimus westermani Lung fluke

A

Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Southest Asian Refugees

from egg to snail to infective metacercaria.

The infective stage occurs in a second intermediate host: the muscles and gills of freshwater crabs and crayfish.

Adult worms reside in the lungs and produce eggs that are liberated from ruptured bronchioles and appear in sputum or, when swallowed, in feces

93
Q

Diagnose Paragonimus westermani

A

Sputum and feces reveals golden brown, operculated eggs. Pleural effusions, when present, should be examined for eggs. Chest radiographs often show infiltrates, nodular cysts, and pleural effusion

94
Q

Schistosomes

A

Tropical areas

•Male/female•No operculum•Obligate intravascular parasite

They develop in the portal vein, pair up and migrate to their final locations

The eggs hatch quickly on reaching fresh water to release motile miracidia. The miracidia then invade the appropriate snail host, where they develop into thousands of infectious cercariae. The free-swimming cercariae are released into the water, where they are immediately infectious for humans and other mammals.

Katayama syndrome

95
Q

S. mansoni

A

Africa, Saudi Arabia, and Madagascar.

resides in the small branches of the inferior mesenteric vein near the lower colon.

oval, possess a sharp lateral spine,

Needs a suitable snail host. Swimming where they live

96
Q

S. Japonicum(Oriental blood fluke)

A

China, the Philippines, and on the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

resides in branches of the superior mesenteric vein around the small intestine and in the inferior mesenteric vessels.

almost spheric, and possess a tiny spine

Needs a suitable snail host. Swimming where they live

97
Q

Schistosoma Haematobium

A

Nile Valley and in many other parts of Africa,

blood fluke that develops in the liver and migrates to the vesical, prostatic, and uterine plexuses of the venous circulation, occasionally the portal bloodstream

Large eggs with a sharp terminal spine

98
Q

Cercarial Dermatitis “swimmer ’ s itch”)

A

The natural hosts are birds and other shore-feeding animals from freshwater lakes

The intense pruritus and urticaria from this skin penetration may lead to secondary bacterial infection from scratching the sites of infection.

IPAP Class 21-2 (12 decks)

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