Reproductive APII- Male Flashcards
1
Q
Gonads
A
Produce gametes and secrete sex hormones
2
Q
Ducts
A
Store and transport gametes
3
Q
Accessory Sex Glands
A
Produce substances to protect the gamete and facilitate their movement
4
Q
Uterus provides site for growth of what two things?
A
Embryo and Fetus
5
Q
Branch of medicine concerned with male disorders to include infertility and sexual dysfunction
A
Andrology
6
Q
What is the job of the ducts? (associated with males)
A
transports and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, conveys them to the exterior
7
Q
What produces sperm and secrete hormones
A
Testes
8
Q
3 Accessory male sex glands
A
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
9
Q
What are two supporting structures and what do they support?
A
Scrotum-supports the testes
Penis- delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
10
Q
What is composed in the loose skin of the scrotum?
A
Devoid of fat
Numerous sebaceous and sweat glands
11
Q
What is the Raphe?
A
(external ridge, fold of tissue, not a true septum)
Extends from urethral meatus, down the ventral shaft, scrotum and ends at the anus
Represents the fusion of the genital tubercles (embryonic development)
12
Q
From where is the subcutaneous layer derived?
A
abdominal structures during embryonic development
13
Q
Layers of the scrotum? (6)
A
Dartos muscle (smooth muscle)
External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle (skeletal muscle)
Tunica vaginalis (parietal layer)
Internal spermatic fascia
Tunica vaginalis (visceral layer)
14
Q
What internally divides the scrotum and what does it contain?
A
Scrotal Septum
-Single Testis
15
Q
What comprises the muscle layer of the scrotum?
A
- Scrotal Septum
- Cremaster Muscles
- Dartos Muscles
16
Q
Deep tissue layer of the scrotum?
A
- Epididymis
- Plexus of Testicular Veins
- Ductus Deferens
- Spermatic Cord
- Testicular Artery
- Autonomic nerve
- Lymphatic Vessel
- Testis
17
Q
Temperature of normal sperm production
A
Below core body temp.
18
Q
Scrotum muscles do what to conserve heat?
A
Contract
19
Q
Contraction of Cremaster vs. Dartos Muscles?
A
Cremaster- contraction moves testes closer to body to absorb more heat
Dartos- causes scrotum to become tighter (more wrinkled) which reduces heat loss
20
Q
What happens when superior medial male thigh is stroked?
A
Ipsilateral testicle should raise
[smooth muscle]
21
Q
When is the cremaster reflex absent?
A
Testicular torsion
Multiple Sclerosis
Upper/lower neuron dysfunctions
Cauda equine syndrome
22
Q
Singular vs plural verbiage for tests
A
Testis - singular
Testes/testicles - plural
23
Q
Describe testes development.
A
Develop near the kidneys, descend through the inguinal canal in the 7th month of fetal development
24
Q
What is the location if the Tunica Vaginalis?
A
Inner most layer of the scrotum
Outer most layer of the testicle
25
What is Testicular Torsion?
High riding tunica vaginalis which prevents spermatic cord attachment
Without proper attachment, testicle can rotate within the scrotum
26
Hydrocele Clinical Correlation
Fluid filled sac in scrotum.
If you place a flashlight directly on the skin, it will shine through if it’s fluid filled
27
Tunica albuginea
Internal to the tunica vaginalis layer
White fibrous dense tissue
Extends inward to form septa that divide the testis into lobules
28
Lobules
Functional unit of the testicles
Each testis contains 200-300
Made up of seminiferous tubules (1-3 in each lobule)
29
Seminferous tubule cells (2) ?
Spermatogenic cells- sperm forming cells
Sertoli (sustentacular) cells- supports spermatogenesis
30
Life cycle of spermatogenesis
Begins with primordial germ cells during fetal development which then differentiate into…
Spermatogonia/spermatogonium
31
What is the fate of Spermatogonia/spermatogonium
Enter the testes during 5th week of embryonic development
| These remain dormant until puberty and then when activated, aid in production of sperm
32
5 functions of Sertoli cells. (sustentacular cells; nurse cells)
Maintains blood-testis barrier (tight junctions)
Produces fluid for sperm transport INSIDE the tubules
Supports mitosis and meiosis
Supports spermiogenesis
Secretion of inhibin
Produces androgen binding protein (ABP; sex-hormone binding globulin)
33
What is the function of the sertoli tight junctions?
Prevents an immune response against developing sperm cells
34
What is contained in the fluid that transports sperm? (made by sertoli cells)
Fluid rich in androgens (including estrogen), potassium and amino acids
35
How do sertoli cells support mitosis/meiosis
Circulating FSH and testosterone stimulate Sertoli cells to promote mitosis and then meiosis
36
Provides sustenance and chemical stimulation to promote maturation
Phagocytize leftover cytoplasm shed by spermatids
Spermiogenesis
37
What is the effect of inhibin secretion
Decreases production of GnRH and FSH (negative feedback)
| Faster rate of sperm production = increased inhibin secretion
38
Where does androgen bind to ABP
Seminiferous tubules
39
What is the effect of androgen to AGB
Increased testosterone locally
40
what do sertoli cells produce during gestational growth?
Antimullerian hormone
41
What type of cells are located outside of seminfiferous tubules? where is there exact location?
Leydig Cells
Located in the tunica albuginea surrounding the seminiferous tubules
42
What do leydig cells produce?
Produces and secretes testosterone via conversion of precursors
43
Leydig cells synthesize cholesterol and turn it into what?
converted to pregnenolone
Pregnenolone then processed to
Progesterone
17-hydroxyprogesterone
Androstenedione
44
How long does spermatogenesis take?
75 days
45
Explain the fate of spermatagonia after puberty
Some spermatogonia remain near the basement membrane and act as reservoir of cells for future sperm production
Others lose contact with basement membrane, squeeze through blood-testis barrier and undergo development
Differentiate into primary spermatocytes (takes ~16 days)
46
What kind of cells are spermatagonia?
diploid (2n) cells with 46 chromosomes
[undergo mitosis at puberty]
47
Primary Spermatocytes
Contains diploid (2n) number of chromosomes (46)
Starts to replicate its own DNA
Meiosis 1 begins at this point
Two cells formed from Meiosis 1 called secondary spermatocytes (takes ~24 days)
48
Secondary spermatocytes
Each cell is now haploid (n), contains 23 chromosomes
| Meiosis 2 occurs at this point (takes ~3-6 hours)
49
What is the name of the 4 haploid cells produced at the end of secondary spermatocytes?
Spermatids
50
How many spermatids are produced from a single primary spermatocyte?
4 spermatids via two rounds of cell division
51
What is the final stage of spermatogenesis?
Spermiogenesis
52
How much sperm is in one spermatid?
1 sperm
53
What happens to make a mature sperm? (5)
```
Spherical spermatids start to elongate
An acrosome forms atop the nucleus
A flagellum develops
Mitochondria multiply
Sertoli cells dispose of excess cytoplasm (if any)
```
54
A sperm being released from their connection to Sertoli cells into the lumen is called?
Spermiation
55
Can sperm swim after they are released into the lumen?
No
56
How does a sperm after spermiation reach the ducts of the testes
Fluid from Sertoli cells help the sperm travel
57
How long can a sperm last in female reprod. tract?
48 hours
58
What is a Cap-like vesicle filled with enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the secondary oocyte?
Acrosome
59
What enzymes are inside the acrosome?
hyaluronidase and proteases
60
What are the 4 parts of the sperm tail?
Neck- contains centrioles
Middle piece- contains mitochondria (energy for movement)
Principal piece- longest portion of tail
End piece- terminal tapering piece of tail
61
What is capacitation?
After deposited in female repro tract for 4-6 hrs, sperm undergo capacitation.
The sperm cells change their movement pattern.
62
What happens during capacitation?
Surface proteins are rearranged
| Cholesterol withdrawn from sperm membrane
63
What is simulated by GnRH at puberty?
Gonadotrophs (Ant. Pit.) to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
64
What is simulated by LH at puberty?
Stimulates leydig cells to produce/secrete testosterone
65
Where does now lipid soluble testosterne diffuse once releaesd from leydig cells?
Blood
Seminiferous tubules
66
How does FSH act indirectly?
To stimulate spermatogenesis
67
How does FSH act synergistically? (2 things)
With testosterone to act on the Sertoli cells to secrete Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)
Keeps enough testosterone in the testicles to support spermatogenesis
68
What are the final steps of spermatogenesis?
Once normal level of spermatogenesis occurs, Sertoli cells release inhibin
Reduces the production of FSH
69
In several tissues (mostly adipose) testosterone is converted to what?
Estradiol
[peripherally]
70
Where does Peripheral Conversion of testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) occur?
Mostly in the skin
71
Where is most of androgen bound?
testosterone bound to androgen binding protein
72
What is excreted primarily through urine?
Testosterone and metabolites
73
What are the straight tubules?
Ducts of the Testis
Pressure generated by fluid secreted by Sertoli cells pushes the sperm and fluid through seminiferous tubules and then into these
74
What are the rete testis?
Found at the hilum of the testicle
A network of ducts that bridge the straight tubules and efferent ducts
75
What are the efferent ducts?
Connects rete testis to epididymis
76
Ductus epididymis
When all of the efferent ducts flow into one convoluted tubule
77
Epididymis (3 characteristics)
Contains mostly tightly coiled ductus epididymis
Comma shaped organ about 1.5in long
Lies at the posterior aspect of each testis
78
What is the site of sperm maturation?
Epididymis
79
What is the role of the epididymis during sexual arousal?
Helps propel sperm into ductus deferens
80
What happens to sperm not ejaculated during its lifecycle?
It is reabsorbed
81
What is the effect of epididmitis and how is it transmitted?
Usually unilateral
Sexually transmitted usually under age 40
82
What is the term for blue balls?
What generally is happening?
Epididymal Hypertension
Vascular congestion because of blood filling in the penis
If male remains aroused without orgasm/ejaculation, this vascular congestion can get worse until the erection is reduced
83
When does the epididymis become the Ductus deferens?
When the tubule becomes less convoluted and it’s diameter increases
84
What is the fate (location) of the ductus deferens?
Traverses through the spermatic cord, enters the pelvic cavity, loops over the ureter and runs down the posterior surface
85
Where does the ductus deferens meet the seminal vesicle?
Where the Terminal portion of DD widens into the ampulla
86
2 jobs of the DD
Conveys sperm during sexual arousal from the epididymis toward the urethra
Can also store sperm for several months
87
What is the spermatic cord?
Supporting structure, ascends out of the scrotum
88
What is inside the spermatic cord?
```
Ductus (vas) deferens
Testicular artery
Veins
Lymphatic vessels
Autonomic nerves
Cremaster muscle
```
89
How do veins carry testosterone into circulation?
pampiniform plexus)
90
How does the spermatic cord enter the inguinal canal?
Spermatic cord with the ilioinguinal nerve pass through the inguinal canal (passage into abdominal cavity)
91
Where does the right and left side of the pampiniform plexus drain?
Right side drains directly into the inferior vena cava
Left side drains into the left renal vein
92
Where is the common location of pathology within the spermatic cord?
Left side
93
Where does pressure in varicocele flow?
Why?
backwards
the acute angle formed by the left renal vein and the left testicular vein
94
What forms the ejaculatory duct?
seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens
95
Where does the ejaculatory duct terminate?
Prostatic urethra
96
The male urethra is a shared terminal duct containing what two systems?
Reproductive system
| Urinary system
97
Where does the male urethra pass?
the prostate, deep muscles of the perineum, and then the penis
98
The are the three sections of the male urethra?
Prostatic urethra- 1 inch long
Membranous urethra- 0.5 inch long
Spongy (penile) urethra- 6-8 inches long
99
What secretes most of the fluid portion of the semen?
Accessory Sex Glands
100
What are the Accessory Sex Glands and their percent in fluid?
Seminal vesicle secretion- 60% of fluid in semen
Prostatatic secretion- 25% of fluid in semen
Bulbourethral gland secretion- 14% of fluid in semen
101
What type of fluid do seminal vesicles secrete?
Alkaline
| Viscous
102
What does alkaline fluid secretion do?
Helps to neutralize acidic environment of male urethra and female reproductive tract (these would kill sperm)
103
What does viscous fluid do?
Helps to keep semen in female reproductive tract longer to increase chances of fertilization
104
3 secretions from seminal vesicles?
Fructose
Prostaglandins
Clotting proteins
105
What secretion is Thought to stimulate smooth muscle contraction within female reproductive tract (help move sperm towards ova)
Prostaglandins
106
What is used for ATP production by sperm?
Fructose
107
What Helps semen coagulate after ejaculation (helps semen stay in female reproductive tract longer)
Clotting proteins
108
Important features of the prostate?
Single, walnut/doughnut shaped gland
At puberty grows rapidly until age 30 then remains stable until age 45 when further enlargement may occur
Secretes prostatic fluid
a component of semen
109
Important features of the prostatic fluid?
```
Milky fluid
Slightly acidic (pH of 6.5)
```
110
What is contained in prostatic fluid?
Citric acid
Proteolytic enzymes
Seminalplasmin
111
What do bulbourethral glands (cowpers) secrete during sexual arousal?
thick alkaline fluid into urethra
112
Two protective factors of alkaline fluid secreted by cowpers glands?
Protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in the urethra
secretes mucus that lubricates the urethra and end of penis
113
What is semen a mixture of?
Sperm and seminal fluid
114
What is seminal fluid?
a liquid that contains secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
115
When is a male considered infertile?
When ejaculate only consists of 20 million sperm
Normal value =50 - 150 million
116
What is the pH of semen
slightly alkaline (7.2 – 7.7 pH)
117
What is the appearance of semen?
Why does it appear that way?
Prostatic fluid gives it milky color
| Seminal fluid and bulbourethral fluid provide it’s viscous and tacky consistency
118
Describe the coagulation of ejaculate
Coagulates within 5 min due to clotting proteins from seminal vesicles
Reliquefies after 10-20 min due to the presence of prostate specific antigen and other enzymes
119
Hematospermia/Hemospermia-
presence of blood in semen
120
Contains urethra
| Pathway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine
Penis
121
What is included in the root of the penis?
Left crus
Right crus
Bulb of penis
122
What is the bulb of the penis
(expanded posterior continuation of the base of the corpus spongiosum)
123
What muscle closes the bulb of penis and aids in ejaculation?
bulbospongiosus
124
What are the crura of penis?
(the two separated and tapered portions of the corpora cavernosa)
125
What muslces surround the crura?
ischiocavernosus
126
What are the two ligaments that supporr the weight of the penis?
Fundiform ligament- arises from inferior part of linea alba
Suspensory ligament- arises from pubic symphysis
127
What are the three masses of erectile tissue that surround the tunica albulginea?
Corpora cavernosa- two dorsolateral masses
Corpus spongiosum- singular midventral mass, contains spongy urethra
128
Describe the skin and subcutaneous layer of the erectile tissue
Composed of numerous blood sinuses lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
129
Describe the glans penis
Slightly enlarged, acorn shaped
Distal urethra enlarges, widens and forms a slit-like opening (external urethral orifice)
130
What is the feature that surround the glans penis?
Corona
131
What is contained in the preputial gland?
Found in skin of the neck of penis and inner surface of foreskin
Secrete waxy material called smegma
132
What can the waxy smegma do?
Waxy smegma ends up being nutrient source for bacteria
133
What fibers initiate and maintain an erection?
Parasympathetic fibers of spinal cord initiate and maintain an erection
134
What do parasympethetic fibers secrete to help with erection?
NO
135
NO dilates what?
Both blood sinuses (in corpora cavernosa) and vessels
136
Increase in blood flow to the penis, does what?
compresses the veins that drain the penis, therefore helping to maintain the erection
137
What happens in the sympathetic reflex of ejaculation?
Smooth muscle sphincter at base of bladder constricts
138
What can lead to emission? (small volume of semen before ejaculation)
Peristaltic contractions of epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate propel semen into spongy urethra
139
What nerve causes the penis to contract / ejaculation/ orgasm
pudendal nerve (bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus)
140
What happens to smooth muscle after stimulation ends?
Smooth muscle contracts
| Making blood sinuses smaller
