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IPAP Class 21-2 > Reproductive APII- Male > Flashcards

Reproductive APII- Male Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads

A

Produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

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2
Q

Ducts

A

Store and transport gametes

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3
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A

Produce substances to protect the gamete and facilitate their movement

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4
Q

Uterus provides site for growth of what two things?

A

Embryo and Fetus

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5
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with male disorders to include infertility and sexual dysfunction

A

Andrology

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6
Q

What is the job of the ducts? (associated with males)

A

transports and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, conveys them to the exterior

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7
Q

What produces sperm and secrete hormones

A

Testes

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8
Q

3 Accessory male sex glands

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

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9
Q

What are two supporting structures and what do they support?

A

Scrotum-supports the testes

Penis- delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

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10
Q

What is composed in the loose skin of the scrotum?

A

Devoid of fat

Numerous sebaceous and sweat glands

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11
Q

What is the Raphe?

A

(external ridge, fold of tissue, not a true septum)

Extends from urethral meatus, down the ventral shaft, scrotum and ends at the anus

Represents the fusion of the genital tubercles (embryonic development)

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12
Q

From where is the subcutaneous layer derived?

A

abdominal structures during embryonic development

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13
Q

Layers of the scrotum? (6)

A

Dartos muscle (smooth muscle)

External spermatic fascia

Cremaster muscle (skeletal muscle)

Tunica vaginalis (parietal layer)

Internal spermatic fascia

Tunica vaginalis (visceral layer)

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14
Q

What internally divides the scrotum and what does it contain?

A

Scrotal Septum

-Single Testis

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15
Q

What comprises the muscle layer of the scrotum?

A
  • Scrotal Septum
  • Cremaster Muscles
  • Dartos Muscles
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16
Q

Deep tissue layer of the scrotum?

A
  • Epididymis
  • Plexus of Testicular Veins
  • Ductus Deferens
  • Spermatic Cord
  • Testicular Artery
  • Autonomic nerve
  • Lymphatic Vessel
  • Testis
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17
Q

Temperature of normal sperm production

A

Below core body temp.

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18
Q

Scrotum muscles do what to conserve heat?

A

Contract

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19
Q

Contraction of Cremaster vs. Dartos Muscles?

A

Cremaster- contraction moves testes closer to body to absorb more heat

Dartos- causes scrotum to become tighter (more wrinkled) which reduces heat loss

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20
Q

What happens when superior medial male thigh is stroked?

A

Ipsilateral testicle should raise

[smooth muscle]

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21
Q

When is the cremaster reflex absent?

A

Testicular torsion
Multiple Sclerosis
Upper/lower neuron dysfunctions
Cauda equine syndrome

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22
Q

Singular vs plural verbiage for tests

A

Testis - singular

Testes/testicles - plural

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23
Q

Describe testes development.

A

Develop near the kidneys, descend through the inguinal canal in the 7th month of fetal development

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24
Q

What is the location if the Tunica Vaginalis?

A

Inner most layer of the scrotum

Outer most layer of the testicle

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25
Q

What is Testicular Torsion?

A

High riding tunica vaginalis which prevents spermatic cord attachment

Without proper attachment, testicle can rotate within the scrotum

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26
Q

Hydrocele Clinical Correlation

A

Fluid filled sac in scrotum.

If you place a flashlight directly on the skin, it will shine through if it’s fluid filled

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27
Q

Tunica albuginea

A

Internal to the tunica vaginalis layer
White fibrous dense tissue
Extends inward to form septa that divide the testis into lobules

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28
Q

Lobules

A

Functional unit of the testicles
Each testis contains 200-300
Made up of seminiferous tubules (1-3 in each lobule)

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29
Q

Seminferous tubule cells (2) ?

A

Spermatogenic cells- sperm forming cells

Sertoli (sustentacular) cells- supports spermatogenesis

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30
Q

Life cycle of spermatogenesis

A

Begins with primordial germ cells during fetal development which then differentiate into…

Spermatogonia/spermatogonium

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31
Q

What is the fate of Spermatogonia/spermatogonium

A

Enter the testes during 5th week of embryonic development

These remain dormant until puberty and then when activated, aid in production of sperm

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32
Q

5 functions of Sertoli cells. (sustentacular cells; nurse cells)

A

Maintains blood-testis barrier (tight junctions)

Produces fluid for sperm transport INSIDE the tubules

Supports mitosis and meiosis

Supports spermiogenesis

Secretion of inhibin

Produces androgen binding protein (ABP; sex-hormone binding globulin)

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33
Q

What is the function of the sertoli tight junctions?

A

Prevents an immune response against developing sperm cells

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34
Q

What is contained in the fluid that transports sperm? (made by sertoli cells)

A

Fluid rich in androgens (including estrogen), potassium and amino acids

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35
Q

How do sertoli cells support mitosis/meiosis

A

Circulating FSH and testosterone stimulate Sertoli cells to promote mitosis and then meiosis

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36
Q

Provides sustenance and chemical stimulation to promote maturation
Phagocytize leftover cytoplasm shed by spermatids

A

Spermiogenesis

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37
Q

What is the effect of inhibin secretion

A

Decreases production of GnRH and FSH (negative feedback)

Faster rate of sperm production = increased inhibin secretion

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38
Q

Where does androgen bind to ABP

A

Seminiferous tubules

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39
Q

What is the effect of androgen to AGB

A

Increased testosterone locally

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40
Q

what do sertoli cells produce during gestational growth?

A

Antimullerian hormone

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41
Q

What type of cells are located outside of seminfiferous tubules? where is there exact location?

A

Leydig Cells

Located in the tunica albuginea surrounding the seminiferous tubules

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42
Q

What do leydig cells produce?

A

Produces and secretes testosterone via conversion of precursors

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43
Q

Leydig cells synthesize cholesterol and turn it into what?

A

converted to pregnenolone

Pregnenolone then processed to

Progesterone

17-hydroxyprogesterone

Androstenedione

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44
Q

How long does spermatogenesis take?

A

75 days

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45
Q

Explain the fate of spermatagonia after puberty

A

Some spermatogonia remain near the basement membrane and act as reservoir of cells for future sperm production

Others lose contact with basement membrane, squeeze through blood-testis barrier and undergo development

Differentiate into primary spermatocytes (takes ~16 days)

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46
Q

What kind of cells are spermatagonia?

A

diploid (2n) cells with 46 chromosomes

[undergo mitosis at puberty]

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47
Q

Primary Spermatocytes

A

Contains diploid (2n) number of chromosomes (46)
Starts to replicate its own DNA
Meiosis 1 begins at this point
Two cells formed from Meiosis 1 called secondary spermatocytes (takes ~24 days)

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48
Q

Secondary spermatocytes

A

Each cell is now haploid (n), contains 23 chromosomes

Meiosis 2 occurs at this point (takes ~3-6 hours)

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49
Q

What is the name of the 4 haploid cells produced at the end of secondary spermatocytes?

A

Spermatids

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50
Q

How many spermatids are produced from a single primary spermatocyte?

A

4 spermatids via two rounds of cell division

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51
Q

What is the final stage of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermiogenesis

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52
Q

How much sperm is in one spermatid?

A

1 sperm

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53
Q

What happens to make a mature sperm? (5)

A 
Spherical spermatids start to elongate
An acrosome forms atop the nucleus 
A flagellum develops
Mitochondria multiply
Sertoli cells dispose of excess cytoplasm (if any)
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54
Q

A sperm being released from their connection to Sertoli cells into the lumen is called?

A

Spermiation

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55
Q

Can sperm swim after they are released into the lumen?

A

No

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56
Q

How does a sperm after spermiation reach the ducts of the testes

A

Fluid from Sertoli cells help the sperm travel

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57
Q

How long can a sperm last in female reprod. tract?

A

48 hours

58
Q

What is a Cap-like vesicle filled with enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the secondary oocyte?

A

Acrosome

59
Q

What enzymes are inside the acrosome?

A

hyaluronidase and proteases

60
Q

What are the 4 parts of the sperm tail?

A

Neck- contains centrioles

Middle piece- contains mitochondria (energy for movement)

Principal piece- longest portion of tail

End piece- terminal tapering piece of tail

61
Q

What is capacitation?

A

After deposited in female repro tract for 4-6 hrs, sperm undergo capacitation.

The sperm cells change their movement pattern.

62
Q

What happens during capacitation?

A

Surface proteins are rearranged

Cholesterol withdrawn from sperm membrane

63
Q

What is simulated by GnRH at puberty?

A

Gonadotrophs (Ant. Pit.) to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

64
Q

What is simulated by LH at puberty?

A

Stimulates leydig cells to produce/secrete testosterone

65
Q

Where does now lipid soluble testosterne diffuse once releaesd from leydig cells?

A

Blood

Seminiferous tubules

66
Q

How does FSH act indirectly?

A

To stimulate spermatogenesis

67
Q

How does FSH act synergistically? (2 things)

A

With testosterone to act on the Sertoli cells to secrete Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)

Keeps enough testosterone in the testicles to support spermatogenesis

68
Q

What are the final steps of spermatogenesis?

A

Once normal level of spermatogenesis occurs, Sertoli cells release inhibin

Reduces the production of FSH

69
Q

In several tissues (mostly adipose) testosterone is converted to what?

A

Estradiol

[peripherally]

70
Q

Where does Peripheral Conversion of testosterone to Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) occur?

A

Mostly in the skin

71
Q

Where is most of androgen bound?

A

testosterone bound to androgen binding protein

72
Q

What is excreted primarily through urine?

A

Testosterone and metabolites

73
Q

What are the straight tubules?

A

Ducts of the Testis

Pressure generated by fluid secreted by Sertoli cells pushes the sperm and fluid through seminiferous tubules and then into these

74
Q

What are the rete testis?

A

Found at the hilum of the testicle

A network of ducts that bridge the straight tubules and efferent ducts

75
Q

What are the efferent ducts?

A

Connects rete testis to epididymis

76
Q

Ductus epididymis

A

When all of the efferent ducts flow into one convoluted tubule

77
Q

Epididymis (3 characteristics)

A

Contains mostly tightly coiled ductus epididymis

Comma shaped organ about 1.5in long

Lies at the posterior aspect of each testis

78
Q

What is the site of sperm maturation?

A

Epididymis

79
Q

What is the role of the epididymis during sexual arousal?

A

Helps propel sperm into ductus deferens

80
Q

What happens to sperm not ejaculated during its lifecycle?

A

It is reabsorbed

81
Q

What is the effect of epididmitis and how is it transmitted?

A

Usually unilateral

Sexually transmitted usually under age 40

82
Q

What is the term for blue balls?

What generally is happening?

A

Epididymal Hypertension

Vascular congestion because of blood filling in the penis

If male remains aroused without orgasm/ejaculation, this vascular congestion can get worse until the erection is reduced

83
Q

When does the epididymis become the Ductus deferens?

A

When the tubule becomes less convoluted and it’s diameter increases

84
Q

What is the fate (location) of the ductus deferens?

A

Traverses through the spermatic cord, enters the pelvic cavity, loops over the ureter and runs down the posterior surface

85
Q

Where does the ductus deferens meet the seminal vesicle?

A

Where the Terminal portion of DD widens into the ampulla

86
Q

2 jobs of the DD

A

Conveys sperm during sexual arousal from the epididymis toward the urethra

Can also store sperm for several months

87
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

Supporting structure, ascends out of the scrotum

88
Q

What is inside the spermatic cord?

A 
Ductus (vas) deferens
Testicular artery
Veins
Lymphatic vessels
Autonomic nerves
Cremaster muscle
89
Q

How do veins carry testosterone into circulation?

A

pampiniform plexus)

90
Q

How does the spermatic cord enter the inguinal canal?

A

Spermatic cord with the ilioinguinal nerve pass through the inguinal canal (passage into abdominal cavity)

91
Q

Where does the right and left side of the pampiniform plexus drain?

A

Right side drains directly into the inferior vena cava

Left side drains into the left renal vein

92
Q

Where is the common location of pathology within the spermatic cord?

A

Left side

93
Q

Where does pressure in varicocele flow?

Why?

A

backwards

the acute angle formed by the left renal vein and the left testicular vein

94
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct?

A

seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens

95
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct terminate?

A

Prostatic urethra

96
Q

The male urethra is a shared terminal duct containing what two systems?

A

Reproductive system

Urinary system

97
Q

Where does the male urethra pass?

A

the prostate, deep muscles of the perineum, and then the penis

98
Q

The are the three sections of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra- 1 inch long

Membranous urethra- 0.5 inch long

Spongy (penile) urethra- 6-8 inches long

99
Q

What secretes most of the fluid portion of the semen?

A

Accessory Sex Glands

100
Q

What are the Accessory Sex Glands and their percent in fluid?

A

Seminal vesicle secretion- 60% of fluid in semen

Prostatatic secretion- 25% of fluid in semen

Bulbourethral gland secretion- 14% of fluid in semen

101
Q

What type of fluid do seminal vesicles secrete?

A

Alkaline

Viscous

102
Q

What does alkaline fluid secretion do?

A

Helps to neutralize acidic environment of male urethra and female reproductive tract (these would kill sperm)

103
Q

What does viscous fluid do?

A

Helps to keep semen in female reproductive tract longer to increase chances of fertilization

104
Q

3 secretions from seminal vesicles?

A

Fructose
Prostaglandins
Clotting proteins

105
Q

What secretion is Thought to stimulate smooth muscle contraction within female reproductive tract (help move sperm towards ova)

A

Prostaglandins

106
Q

What is used for ATP production by sperm?

A

Fructose

107
Q

What Helps semen coagulate after ejaculation (helps semen stay in female reproductive tract longer)

A

Clotting proteins

108
Q

Important features of the prostate?

A

Single, walnut/doughnut shaped gland

At puberty grows rapidly until age 30 then remains stable until age 45 when further enlargement may occur

Secretes prostatic fluid
a component of semen

109
Q

Important features of the prostatic fluid?

A 
Milky fluid
Slightly acidic (pH of 6.5)
110
Q

What is contained in prostatic fluid?

A

Citric acid
Proteolytic enzymes
Seminalplasmin

111
Q

What do bulbourethral glands (cowpers) secrete during sexual arousal?

A

thick alkaline fluid into urethra

112
Q

Two protective factors of alkaline fluid secreted by cowpers glands?

A

Protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in the urethra

secretes mucus that lubricates the urethra and end of penis

113
Q

What is semen a mixture of?

A

Sperm and seminal fluid

114
Q

What is seminal fluid?

A

a liquid that contains secretions of the seminiferous tubules, seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands

115
Q

When is a male considered infertile?

A

When ejaculate only consists of 20 million sperm

Normal value =50 - 150 million

116
Q

What is the pH of semen

A

slightly alkaline (7.2 – 7.7 pH)

117
Q

What is the appearance of semen?

Why does it appear that way?

A

Prostatic fluid gives it milky color

Seminal fluid and bulbourethral fluid provide it’s viscous and tacky consistency

118
Q

Describe the coagulation of ejaculate

A

Coagulates within 5 min due to clotting proteins from seminal vesicles

Reliquefies after 10-20 min due to the presence of prostate specific antigen and other enzymes

119
Q

Hematospermia/Hemospermia-

A

presence of blood in semen

120
Q

Contains urethra

Pathway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine

A

Penis

121
Q

What is included in the root of the penis?

A

Left crus
Right crus
Bulb of penis

122
Q

What is the bulb of the penis

A

(expanded posterior continuation of the base of the corpus spongiosum)

123
Q

What muscle closes the bulb of penis and aids in ejaculation?

A

bulbospongiosus

124
Q

What are the crura of penis?

A

(the two separated and tapered portions of the corpora cavernosa)

125
Q

What muslces surround the crura?

A

ischiocavernosus

126
Q

What are the two ligaments that supporr the weight of the penis?

A

Fundiform ligament- arises from inferior part of linea alba

Suspensory ligament- arises from pubic symphysis

127
Q

What are the three masses of erectile tissue that surround the tunica albulginea?

A

Corpora cavernosa- two dorsolateral masses

Corpus spongiosum- singular midventral mass, contains spongy urethra

128
Q

Describe the skin and subcutaneous layer of the erectile tissue

A

Composed of numerous blood sinuses lined by endothelial cells and surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

129
Q

Describe the glans penis

A

Slightly enlarged, acorn shaped

Distal urethra enlarges, widens and forms a slit-like opening (external urethral orifice)

130
Q

What is the feature that surround the glans penis?

A

Corona

131
Q

What is contained in the preputial gland?

A

Found in skin of the neck of penis and inner surface of foreskin

Secrete waxy material called smegma

132
Q

What can the waxy smegma do?

A

Waxy smegma ends up being nutrient source for bacteria

133
Q

What fibers initiate and maintain an erection?

A

Parasympathetic fibers of spinal cord initiate and maintain an erection

134
Q

What do parasympethetic fibers secrete to help with erection?

A

NO

135
Q

NO dilates what?

A

Both blood sinuses (in corpora cavernosa) and vessels

136
Q

Increase in blood flow to the penis, does what?

A

compresses the veins that drain the penis, therefore helping to maintain the erection

137
Q

What happens in the sympathetic reflex of ejaculation?

A

Smooth muscle sphincter at base of bladder constricts

138
Q

What can lead to emission? (small volume of semen before ejaculation)

A

Peristaltic contractions of epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, prostate propel semen into spongy urethra

139
Q

What nerve causes the penis to contract / ejaculation/ orgasm

A

pudendal nerve (bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus)

140
Q

What happens to smooth muscle after stimulation ends?

A

Smooth muscle contracts

Making blood sinuses smaller

IPAP Class 21-2 (12 decks)

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