Research Ethics

Question 1

What are these:
nuremberg code
helsiniki declaration of the world medical association
belmont report

Answer 1

ethical principles guiding research

Question 2

What does bad blood mean?

Answer 2

syphilis anemia and fatigue

Question 3

What was the tuskegee study?

Answer 3

the messed up study about syphilis that was supposed to last 6 months but lasted 40 years and didnt treat the subjects with care to save them even though they could

Question 4

what happened at the concentration camps?

Answer 4

everything horrible ever.
Here are just a few:
 Bone, muscle and nerve transplantation
Sulfonamide experiments
Immunization and treatment of malaria
Sea water experiments  
mustard gas
poison
hypothermia

Question 5

Tell me about past radiation experiments?

Answer 5

without consent were done on vulnerable individuasl (cancer patients, pregnant women, children, prisoners and military personnel.)

Question 6

What did the nurembreg code give us?

Answer 6

directives for human experimentation

Question 7

What does the nuremberg code stipulate?

Answer 7

1. the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential!
2. must yield fruitful results fro the good of society
3. designed and based on animal experimentation and natural history disease
4. conducted to avoid unnecessary physical/mental suffering
5. not conducted if a prior reason to believe that death or disabling injury will occur.
6. Risk should not exceed that determined by the humanitarian importance of the problem to be solved.
7. Protections made to protect subject from even remote possibility of injury, disability or death.
8. Conducted only by scientifically qualified persons
9. subjects can leave if they wat
10. The scientist in charge must be prepared to terminate at any stage if he has “probable cause to believe, in the exercise of the good faith, superior skill and careful judgment required of him that a continuation of the experiment is likely to result in injury, disability, or death to the subject.”

Question 8

What is this:
Legal capacity
Able to exercise free power of choice
Without force, fraud, deceit, duress, constraint or coersion
Sufficient knowledge and understanding
Prior to consenting should be made aware of the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment, the methods and means, all inconveniences and hazards to be expected, and effects upon health that may come from participation

Answer 8

A nuremberg directive stipulating that the voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential!

Question 9

What happeed at willowbrook state school in NY?

Answer 9

gave mental retarded children hepatitis

Question 10

What does the declaration of helsinki say?

Answer 10

1. researchers must protect life, privacy and dignity of patient
2. well being of human sub. takes precedence over interests of science and society
3. vulnerable pops need special protec (eco or med disadvabtaged, those that cant give consent, those that are under duress, those who will no benefit, those whom research is combined with care)
4. look at ethical, legal, regulatory requirements here ad i other countries
5. no national, ethical, legal or regulatory requirement should be allowed to reduce or eliminate any of the protections for human subjects
6. research protocols need to be reviewed by an ethical committee

Question 11

Can a parent consent for a child?

Answer 11

only if the child has consented as well.

Question 12

What is this:
the boundaries between biomedical and behavioral research and routine practice of medicine
assessment of risk-benefit criteria in the determination of the appropriateness of research involving human subjects
guidelines for the selection of human subjects for participation in research
the nature and definition of informed consent in research settings.

Answer 12

The national commission directives

Question 13

What is this:
Review of proposed research by an IRB
Informed consent
Fair selection of subjects

Based on respect for persons, beneficence,justice

Answer 13

the belmont report

Question 14

What principle is this:
Individuals’ autonomy should be respected
Persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection.
In research involving human subjects
Subjects enter into research voluntarily and with adequate information.

Answer 14

respect for persons

Question 15

What principle is this:
Physicians have an obligation to secure their subjects well-being
“Do no harm”
Maximize possible benefits and minimize possible harms
Investigators are obliged to give forethought to the maximization of benefits and the reduction of risk that might occur from research investigation.

Answer 15

beneficence

Question 16

What principle is this:
Who ought to receive benefits of research and bear its burdens?
Selection of research subjects to protect vulnerable groups.
Avoid providing advantages only to the wealthy
Avoid use of subjects unlikely to benefit in subsequent applications of the research.

Answer 16

justice

Question 17

How can you apply the principles of justice, beneficence and respect for persons?

Answer 17

informed consent
risk/benefit assessment
fair selection of subjects

Question 18

What are the three requirements for an an adequate consent process?

Answer 18

information, comprehension, voluntariness

Question 19

When is an IRB required?

Answer 19

for federally funded research, for research that will be submitted to FDA, for all researchers at university

Question 20

Who is andrew wakefield?

Answer 20

he lied and said that vaccines cause autism, now a bunch of people are getting mumps and measles cuz hes an idiot.
He was hired by a lawyer to basically be corrupt and then illegally and unethically made children undergo a bunch of invasive tests, and then that jerk face patented a measle vaccine after saying that it was causing autism!!!!!! AND he fabricated a ton of data. Then he got is because the courts found him SUPER guilty!