Research Design, Statistics, Tests, and measurements

Question 0

Correlational

Answer 0

IV not manipulated

Question 1

Naturalistic observation

Answer 1

Researcher does not intervene; measures behavior as it naturally occurs

Question 2

Quasi-experimental

Answer 2

IV manipulated; subjects not randomly assigned to groups

Question 3

True experiment

Answer 3

IV manipulated; subjects randomly assigned to groups

Question 4

Stratified random sampling

Answer 4

Each subgroup of the population is randomly sampled in proportion to its size

Question 5

Between subjects

Answer 5

2 groups. No 1:1 pairing

Question 6

Matched groups

Answer 6

2 groups. Yes 1:1 pairing

Question 7

Within groups

Answer 7

1 group that serves as their own control- experience multiple levels of the IV

Question 8

Demand characteristics

Answer 8

Cues in research situation that suggest to the subject what is expected

Question 9

Descriptive statistics

Answer 9

Organizing, describing, quantifying, and summarizing a collection of actual observations

Question 10

Inferential statistics

Answer 10

Concerned w making an inference from the sample involved in the research to the population of interest, and providing an estimate of popular characteristics

Question 11

Frequency distribution

Answer 11

A graphic representation of how often each value occurs.

Question 12

Z scores

Answer 12

How many SD’s your score is above or below the mean. The mean distribution of z scores will always be 0 and the SD will always be 1

Question 13

Normal distribution

Answer 13

About 68%of scores fall within 1 SD of the mean; about 96% of the scores fall within 2 SD of the mean. Mean, median, & mode are identical

Question 14

T-scores

Answer 14

Has a mean of 50 & SD of 10. Ie a t-score of 60 is 1 SD above the mean.

Question 15

Correlation coefficient

Answer 15

Range from -1 to +1. How well we can predict one variable from another variable. 0 indicates no relationship

Question 16

Factor analysis

Answer 16

Seeing how many factors (variables that are measuring the same thing) there are by looking at a correlation table. “Armchair” factor analysis

Question 17

Significance testing process

Answer 17

1. Formulate alternative and null hypotheses
2. Decide on alpha level or criterion of significance
3. Perform sig test- number above alpha confirm null, numbers owner than alpha reject null

Question 18

Type I error

Answer 18

Null is true & reject null. Prob same as ur alpha level

Question 19

Type II error

Answer 19

Null is false. Accept null. More conservative. Beta

Question 20

T-test

Answer 20

Compares means of two groups

Question 21

Anova

Answer 21

More than 2 groups
Factorial design- each level of a given independent variable occurs with each level of the other independent variables
Interaction- when the effects of one IV are not consistent for all levels of the other IVs

Question 22

Chi-square test

Answer 22

Use when individual observations are names or categories

Question 23

Meta-analysis

Answer 23

Stat procedure that can be used to make conclusions on the basis of data from different studies

Question 24

Norm- referenced testing

Answer 24

Assessing an individual’s performance in terms of how that individual performs in comparison to others.

Question 25

Domain (criterion) referenced testing

Answer 25

Concerned w what the test taker knows about a specified content domain. I.e drivers test- not comparing u to ur peers

Question 26

Reliability

Answer 26

Consistency of a test. Individual scores same when taking test multiple times. SEM is how much we expect an individuals score to vary

Question 27

Test-retest

Answer 27

The same test is administered to the same group of people twice

Question 28

Alternative method form

Answer 28

Examiners are given two different forms of a test that are taken at two different times

Question 29

Split- half reliability

Answer 29

Only take 1 test, but test is divided Into equal halves & look @ correlation btw scores on each half. High + correlation (.8) indicates a high level of reliability

Question 30

Content validity

Answer 30

Does the test measure various facets of what it’s supposed to measure? Adequate coverage?

Question 31

Face validity

Answer 31

Does the test look like it measures what it’s supposed to measure?

Question 32

Criterion/ concurrent

Answer 32

How well test can predict an individual’s performance on an established test of the same skill

Question 33

Predictive

Answer 33

Does test predict future success in that area?

Question 34

Construct validity

Answer 34

Convergent- is it correlated w things it should be correlated w?
Discriminant- is it not correlated w things it shouldn’t be correlated w?

Question 35

Reliability & validity

Answer 35

A test must be reliable to be valid, but it does not need to be valid to be reliable

Question 36

Ratio IQ

Answer 36

Aptitute. Binet- Simon. Mental age/ chronological age x 100

Question 37

Deviation IQ

Answer 37

Stanford Binet. Indicates how well a person performed on an IQ tar relative to her/his same age peers

Question 38

Wechsler tests

Answer 38

Have all items of a given type grouped into subtests. Not organized by age level. Verbal & performance scale

Question 39

MMPI & CPI

Answer 39

Self- rating devices. Test taker is given a limited # of ways to respond to the statements (yes, no, uncertain)

Question 40

Rorschach inkblot test, TAT, Rotter incomplete sentences

Answer 40

Relatively ambiguous stimuli are presented to the test taker; the test taker is asked to interpret the stimuli

Question 41

Interest inventories

Answer 41

Used to assess interest in different lines of work. RIASEC system