Research Design, Statistics, Tests, and measurements Flashcards

0
Q

Correlational

A

IV not manipulated

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1
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Researcher does not intervene; measures behavior as it naturally occurs

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2
Q

Quasi-experimental

A

IV manipulated; subjects not randomly assigned to groups

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3
Q

True experiment

A

IV manipulated; subjects randomly assigned to groups

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4
Q

Stratified random sampling

A

Each subgroup of the population is randomly sampled in proportion to its size

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5
Q

Between subjects

A

2 groups. No 1:1 pairing

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6
Q

Matched groups

A

2 groups. Yes 1:1 pairing

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7
Q

Within groups

A

1 group that serves as their own control- experience multiple levels of the IV

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8
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Cues in research situation that suggest to the subject what is expected

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9
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Organizing, describing, quantifying, and summarizing a collection of actual observations

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10
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Concerned w making an inference from the sample involved in the research to the population of interest, and providing an estimate of popular characteristics

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11
Q

Frequency distribution

A

A graphic representation of how often each value occurs.

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12
Q

Z scores

A

How many SD’s your score is above or below the mean. The mean distribution of z scores will always be 0 and the SD will always be 1

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13
Q

Normal distribution

A

About 68%of scores fall within 1 SD of the mean; about 96% of the scores fall within 2 SD of the mean. Mean, median, & mode are identical

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14
Q

T-scores

A

Has a mean of 50 & SD of 10. Ie a t-score of 60 is 1 SD above the mean.

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15
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Range from -1 to +1. How well we can predict one variable from another variable. 0 indicates no relationship

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16
Q

Factor analysis

A

Seeing how many factors (variables that are measuring the same thing) there are by looking at a correlation table. “Armchair” factor analysis

17
Q

Significance testing process

A
  1. Formulate alternative and null hypotheses
  2. Decide on alpha level or criterion of significance
  3. Perform sig test- number above alpha confirm null, numbers owner than alpha reject null
18
Q

Type I error

A

Null is true & reject null. Prob same as ur alpha level

19
Q

Type II error

A

Null is false. Accept null. More conservative. Beta

20
Q

T-test

A

Compares means of two groups

21
Q

Anova

A

More than 2 groups
Factorial design- each level of a given independent variable occurs with each level of the other independent variables
Interaction- when the effects of one IV are not consistent for all levels of the other IVs

22
Q

Chi-square test

A

Use when individual observations are names or categories

23
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Stat procedure that can be used to make conclusions on the basis of data from different studies

24
Norm- referenced testing
Assessing an individual's performance in terms of how that individual performs in comparison to others.
25
Domain (criterion) referenced testing
Concerned w what the test taker knows about a specified content domain. I.e drivers test- not comparing u to ur peers
26
Reliability
Consistency of a test. Individual scores same when taking test multiple times. SEM is how much we expect an individuals score to vary
27
Test-retest
The same test is administered to the same group of people twice
28
Alternative method form
Examiners are given two different forms of a test that are taken at two different times
29
Split- half reliability
Only take 1 test, but test is divided Into equal halves & look @ correlation btw scores on each half. High + correlation (.8) indicates a high level of reliability
30
Content validity
Does the test measure various facets of what it's supposed to measure? Adequate coverage?
31
Face validity
Does the test look like it measures what it's supposed to measure?
32
Criterion/ concurrent
How well test can predict an individual's performance on an established test of the same skill
33
Predictive
Does test predict future success in that area?
34
Construct validity
Convergent- is it correlated w things it should be correlated w? Discriminant- is it not correlated w things it shouldn't be correlated w?
35
Reliability & validity
A test must be reliable to be valid, but it does not need to be valid to be reliable
36
Ratio IQ
Aptitute. Binet- Simon. Mental age/ chronological age x 100
37
Deviation IQ
Stanford Binet. Indicates how well a person performed on an IQ tar relative to her/his same age peers
38
Wechsler tests
Have all items of a given type grouped into subtests. Not organized by age level. Verbal & performance scale
39
MMPI & CPI
Self- rating devices. Test taker is given a limited # of ways to respond to the statements (yes, no, uncertain)
40
Rorschach inkblot test, TAT, Rotter incomplete sentences
Relatively ambiguous stimuli are presented to the test taker; the test taker is asked to interpret the stimuli
41
Interest inventories
Used to assess interest in different lines of work. RIASEC system