Cognition

Question 0

Reaction time

Answer 0

Research method to study cognition. Elapsed time btw stimulus presentation and the subjects response to it

Question 1

Edward Tichener

Answer 1

Structuralism. Break consciousness Down into its elements using introspection-asking subjects to report on their current conscious experiences.

Question 2

Eye movements

Answer 2

Method to study cognition. An “on-line” measure of info processing

Question 3

Brain imaging

Answer 3

Method to study cognition. Used to associate various cognitive processes with various parts of the brain

Question 4

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 4

Studied memory w nonsense syllables. Created a forgetting curve where there is a steep drop, and then plateaus

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

Putting information into memory

Question 6

Storage

Answer 6

Retaining information in memory

Question 7

Retrieval

Answer 7

Recovering the information in memory. (Tip of the tongue phenom is a prob w retrieval).

Question 8

Recall

Answer 8

Reproducing information you have previously been exposed to

Question 9

Recognition

Answer 9

Realizing that a certain stimulus is one you’ve seen or heard before

Question 10

Generation- recognition theory

Answer 10

An attempt to explain why you can usually recognize more than you can recall; model suggests that recall involves the Same mental process involved in recognition plus another process not required for recognition

Question 11

Recent effect

Answer 11

Words presented at the end of a list are remembered best

Question 12

Primacy effect

Answer 12

Words presented at the beginning of a list are remembered second best

Question 13

Clustering

Answer 13

When asked to recall a list of words, ppl tend to recall words belonging to the same category

Question 14

Stage theory of memory

Answer 14

Sensory memory, short term (working), long term

Question 15

Whole report vs partial report procedure

Answer 15

Both had a 3x3 matrix of letters that flashed across the screen for a fraction of a second. Whole- asked to recall as many items as possible. 4 items seemed to be limit. Partial- asked to recall one row (didn’t know which one) recall was nearly perfect suggesting 9 item limit. Spelling. Decaying memory was problem in first set up

Question 16

Short term memory

Answer 16

Miller found can hold 7 chunks of info at a time. Info can stay here for 20 (no rehearsal) or longer if we rehearse it (Maintenence rehearsal). Items encoded phonologically.

Question 17

Long term memory

Answer 17

Permanent storehouse of experiences, knowledge, and skills. Get info into long term by organizing the info & associating it w info already in long term memory (elaborative). Items encoded by meaning

Question 18

Procedural memory (long term)

Answer 18

Remembering how to do things

Question 19

Declarative memory (long term)

Answer 19

Semantic- remembering general knowledge. Esp meaning of words and concepts
Episodic- remembering particular events you have personally experienced

Question 20

Semantic verification task

Answer 20

Method used to investigate the organization of semantic memory

Question 21

Spreading activation model

Answer 21

Collins and Loftus. Semantic memory organized into map of interconnected concepts; the key is the distance btw the concepts

Question 22

Semantic feature comparison model

Answer 22

Smith, Shoben, and Rips. Semantic memory contains feature lists of concepts; the key is the amount of overlap in the feature lists of the concepts

Question 23

Levels of processing theory

Answer 23

Craik and Lockhart. Challenges stage theory. What determines how long u remember material is not what memory system it goes into (only 1), but the way you process it. 1.physical (least effort) 2. Acoustical 3. Semantic (deepest level)

Question 24

Paivio's dual-code hypothesis

Answer 24

Info can be stored in 2 ways: visually (concrete info) & verbally (abstract info)

Question 25

Schema

Answer 25

We interpret our experiences, and therefore remember them, in terms of our existing conceptual frameworks (schemata)

Question 26

Decay theory

Answer 26

If info in long term memory is not used or rehearsed, it will eventually be forgotten. Drawback is it doesn't take into account info you've learned in the meantime

Question 27

Inhibition theory

Answer 27

Forgetting is due to activities that have taken place btw original learning & later attempt to recall. Proactive- info u learn first interferes w what u learn later Retroactive- info u learn later interferes w info u learned first

Question 28

Encoding specificity

Answer 28

Recall will be best if the context at recall is same as the context during original encoding

Question 29

State- dependent learning

Answer 29

Recall will be better if your psychological or physical state at recall is same as time of encoding

Question 30

The method of loci

Answer 30

A system of associating information w some sequence of places w which you are familiar. I.e on way from dorm to class

Question 31

Bartlett

Answer 31

Found that prior knowledge and expectations influence recall

Question 32

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 32

Studies the in accuracy of eye-witness testimony, and later Inaccuracy of repressed memories

Question 33

Zeigarnik effect

Answer 33

Tendency to remember incomplete tasks better than completed tasks

Question 34

Luchins water- jar problem

Answer 34

Illuminated that we have mental sets , a tendency to keep repeating solns that worked in other situations, when it comes to problem solving. Can potentially be ineffective

Question 35

Functional fixedness

Answer 35

The ability to use a familiar object in an unfamiliar way

Question 36

Creativity- divergent thinking

Answer 36

Attempting to produce as many creative answers to a question as possible

Question 37

Decision making- heuristics

Answer 37

Short cuts and rules of thumb we can use in making decisions

Question 38

Availability heuristic

Answer 38

Making decisions about frequencies based upon how easy it is to imagine the items involved

Question 39

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 39

Categorizing things on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical image of the category

Question 40

Base-rate fallacy

Answer 40

Ignoring the numerical info about the items being referred to when categorizing them

Question 41

Phonemes

Answer 41

The smallest sound units of language. Field contains 4 phonemes- f, ei, l, d.

Question 42

Morphemes

Answer 42

Smallest units of meaning in a language. Walked contains 2- walk & ed

Question 43

Semantics

Answer 43

Deals with the meaning of words and sentences

Question 44

Syntax

Answer 44

Deals w the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences

Question 45

Surface structure

Answer 45

The actual order of words in a sentence

Question 46

Deep structure

Answer 46

An underlying form that specifies the meaning of the sentence

Question 47

Transformational rules

Answer 47

Tells us how we can change from one sentence form to another (ie from active to passive voice)

Question 48

Whorfian hypothesis

Answer 48

The hypothesis that language determines how reality is perceived

Question 49

Macoby & jacklin

Answer 49

Found evidence of better verbal abilities in girls over boys

Question 50

Spearman (intelligence)

Answer 50

General unitary factor called g

Question 51

Louis thurstone

Answer 51

7 "primary mental abilities" e.g verbal comprehension, number ability, etc. used factor analysis with factors more specific than g, but more general than s.

Question 52

Sternberg's triarchic theory

Answer 52

3 aspects to intelligence- componential (test performance), experiential (creativity), and contextual (street smarts/ business sense).

Question 53

Gardeners theory of multiple intelligences

Answer 53

Seven defined: linguistic, logical mathematical ability, spatial ability, musical ability, bodily, interpersonal, and intrapersonal

Question 54

Fluid intelligence- Cattell

Answer 54

Increases through childhood & adolescence, levels off in young adulthood, and begins a decline w advanced age

Question 55

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 55

Increases throughout the lifespan

Question 56

Arthur Jensen

Answer 56

IQ almost entirely genetic in nature- can't teach someone to score higher

Question 57

Parallel distributed processing

Answer 57

Proposed that info processing is distributed across the brain and is done in a parallel fashion

Question 58

Metacognition and metamemory

Answer 58

Refer to a persons ability to think about and monitor cognition and memory. Ability to reflect