research and program evaluation Flashcards
the most valuable type of research is
research that attempts to find a cause and effect
experiments emphasize parsimony which means
they interpret results in the simplest way
Occam’s razor suggests that
we interpret results in the simplest manner
q 703
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q 704
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nondirective is to person-centered as parsimony is to occur razor
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q 706
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q 707
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q 708
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q 709
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q 711
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hypothesis testing is the most related to the work of who
R.A. Fisher
q 713
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q 714
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q 715
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in social sciences the accepted probability level is
.05 or lower better if it is .01
q’s 718 and 719
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q 720
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q 721
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q 722
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q 723
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a counselor decides to increase the sample size in her experiement. this will reduce type 1 and type two errors because
raisig the size of a sample helps to lower risk of chance/factors.
if a researcher changes the significance level of .05 to .001 then alpha errors decrease; howwver beta errors increas. because of the same reason 723 was the answer
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q 727
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q 728
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if the researcher in the previous question utilized two IVs then the statistic of choice would be the two way ANOVA or MANOVA because
two ivs require a two way ANOVA, three IVs, a three-way ANOVA, etc.
in order to see if significant differences exist in an ANOVA you consult what table for what values
F values
.001 is always the best rule out for chance factors
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a positive correlation is not a stronger one than a negative one of the same value
a positive correlation is not a stronger one than a negative one of the same value
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variables covarying positively are those that
vary together
variables covarying negatively are those that
have one increasing while the other decreases
0.00 = essentially a lack of any kind of correlative relationship
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clients dysfunctional behavior being measured is a baseline measure
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an N=1 an intensive experimental design uses what kind of measure
baseline measure
single blind study is
one where only one party is unaware of what group they are in
double blind study is
one where neither party is aware of what group they are in
pearson r is the most common correlational coefficiant and uses I and R which means interval and ratio as in
information and referral
the gaussian curve looks like what
a symetrical bell
asymetrical curves are called
skewed distributions
almost all scores will fall between 3 sds of the mean
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the most common measures of central tendency are the mean the median and the mode
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the most frequently occuring score and the least important measure of central tendency is
the mode
the mode is the score that (occurs the most or is most “in style”)
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a biomodal distribution which has two modes looks like what as apposed to a bell shape
a camel back with two humps
multimodal is one which has multple modes
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unimodal is one that has only one mode
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question 744 review
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the basic curve or so called frequency polygon the point of maximum concentration is the
mode
to find the mode you find the number in the list that occurs the most often
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to find the mean you add up all of the numbers and divide by the number of numbers there then that is your mean
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to find the median you choose the score which is right in the middle
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to find the range is the distance between the largest and the smallest score. you would take the largest and subtract the smallest example 54 and 1, =53
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the most useful measure of central tendency is the mean abbreivated by
X
median is abbreviated by
Md and Mdn
mode is abbreviated by
Mo
average means
mean
factorial experiments
include two or more IVs
review questions 752 and 753
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when a horizontal line is drawn under a freqency distribution it is known as
x axis
the x axis is also known as the
abscissa
the y axis is known as the
ordinate
the ordinate plots the DV experimental data
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some tests use the range with the highest score minus the lowest score plus one
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the john henry effect(compensatory rivalry of a comparison group
threat of the internal validity of an experiemtn that occurs when subjects strve to prove that an experimental treatment that could threaten their livlihood really isnt all that effective
z scores arre the same as a standard deviation
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z scores can also be called standard scores
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t tests or t scores are good for studies of more than thirty people
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CEEB scores can also be referred to as ETS scores
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a platykurtic distrubution is flatter and more spread out than a the normal bell curve
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when a curve is thin tall and peaked it is called a leptokurtic curve
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stanine scores divided distrucbution into nine equal intervals
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ordinal does not dilineate absolute differences
it is simply about order not adding ot subracting distance
the hawthorne effect
the positive affect of attention by someone even if not in a counseling space
attractive counselors being percieved as more skillful would be known as what kind of effect?
the halo effect
