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human growth and development Flashcards

1
Q

freuds stages are psychosexual while erik erikson’s are

A

psychosocial

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2
Q

what are the psychosexual stages from freud

A
  1. oral
  2. anal
  3. phallic
  4. latency
  5. genital
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3
Q

erikson’s eight psychosocial stages

A
  1. trust vs mistrust
  2. autonomy vs shame and doubt
  3. initiative vs guilt
  4. industry vs inferiority
  5. identity vs confusion
  6. intimacy vs isolation
  7. generativity vs stagnation
  8. integrity vs despair
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4
Q

psychometric psychology is

A

mental testing or measurement

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5
Q

psychodiagnostic

A

study of personality through interpretation of behavior

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6
Q

psychopharmacology

A

effects of drugs on psychological functioning

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7
Q

in freudian psychology instincts are emphasized. erik erikson is an ego psychologist. ego psychologists do what

A

believe in mans power of reasoning to control behavior

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8
Q

behaviorists do not believe in what

A

concepts like the id the ego or the superego, they believe if it cant be measured it doesn’t exist

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9
Q

radical behaviorists do not believe in things like

A
  1. the mind

2. consciousness

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10
Q

the only psychoanalsyt to create a developmental theory which encompasses the entire lifespan was

A

erik erikson, the last stage starts at age 60

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11
Q

the statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of

A

freud

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12
Q

jay haley is associated with

A

the technique of paradox

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13
Q

arnold lazarus is a pioneer in what kind of therapy and what technique for dealing with phobias

A
  1. behavior therapy

2. systematic desentizition

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14
Q

perry stresses a concept known as

A

dualistic thinknig

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15
Q

dualistic thinknign is

A

black and white thinking

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16
Q

dualistc thinking is common to what age group

A

teens

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17
Q

thikning that occurs on entering adulthood

A

reletivistuc thinkning

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18
Q

robert kegan’s theory or development

A

constritve model of development

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19
Q

constructive model of developemtn assumes that people

A

construct reality throughout their lifespan

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20
Q

what is the order of jean piaget’s theory of development

A
  1. sensorimotor
  2. preoperation
  3. concrete operations
  4. formal operatios
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21
Q

behavioralscientists were critical of piaget and his work because

A

he often used observatuons of his own children.

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22
Q

a tall skinny pictcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. a child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. the child has not yet mastered

A

conservation

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23
Q

when does conservation become mastered by a child and which stage

A
  1. 7-11

2. concrete operations

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24
Q

in piaget’s theory the idea of conservation would most likely refer to

A

volume or mass

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25
Q

children learn about concepts in piagets theory in what order

A
  1. mass
  2. volume
  3. weight
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26
Q

when does the child master conservation

A

concrete operations

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27
Q

i expanded on piaget’s conceptualization of moral development

A

lawrence kohlberg

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28
Q

who was the leading theorist in moral development

A

lawrence kohlberg

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29
Q

disagreed with piaget’s theory that developmental stages take place naturally. believed they unfold due to educational intervention

A

lev vygotsky

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30
Q

kohlberg, erikson and maslow followed what kind of nature for their theories

A

epigenetic

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31
Q

epigenetic means

A

stages emerge from the one before it

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32
Q

father. of behaviorism and when did he coin the term

A
  1. john b. Watson

2. 1912

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33
Q

when does a child master the concept of reversibility

A

concrete operations

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34
Q

one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. is the concept of

A

reversibility

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35
Q

during a thunderstorm, a 6-year old child in piaget;s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says “the rain is following me” this is an example of

A

egontrism

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36
Q

egocentrism in piaget’s developmental stages refers to the fact that children in the preoperational stage cannot do what

A

veiew the world from someone elses perspectve

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37
Q

lawrence kohlberg suggested

A

three levels of morality

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38
Q

kohlberg levels of morality

A
  1. pre-conventional
  2. conventional
  3. post-conventional
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39
Q

hienz story is to kohlberg’s theory as

A

a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered (visit page 45-46 to understand and review why)

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40
Q

RS in the feild of psychology means

A

religious and spiritual

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41
Q

RS factors are considered by counselors trying to integrate what kind of psychology

A

positive

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42
Q

positive psychology was coined by () and popularized by ()

A
  1. abraham maslow

2. martin seligman

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43
Q

positve psychology refers to the study of human strengths like

A
  1. joy
  2. wisdom
  3. altruism
  4. the ability to love
  5. and happiness
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44
Q

the term idenoty crisis comes from who’s work

A

eriksons

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45
Q

kohlbergs three levels of morality

A
  1. pre-conventional
  2. conventional
  3. post-conventional
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46
Q

level of morality that was never reached by most people, where the common good of society is a key issue

A

post-conventional

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47
Q

harry stack sullivan stages

A
  1. infancy
  2. childhood
  3. the juvinlie era
  4. preadolesenecnece
  5. early adolesencence
  6. and late adoleesncenec
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48
Q

sullivans theory name

A

the psychiatry of interpersonal relations

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49
Q

how is sullivans theory similar to erksons

A

the biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands of society

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50
Q

a person who has successfully gioteen through eriksons first 7 stages would then enter what final stage

A

integrity vs despair

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51
Q

what age does someone reach the integrity vs despair stage

A

60

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52
Q

in kohlberg;s irst or preconventionla stage an individuals moral behavior is guided by

A

consenqences

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53
Q

pre-conventional can also be known as

A

pre-moral

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54
Q

fugue state refers to someone expeirncing what

A

memory loss(amnesa) andleaves home with teh intention of changing a job or identity

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55
Q

counter conditioning is

A

when someone wekaens or eliminates a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response

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56
Q

kohlbergs second level of morality the conventional is characterized by what

A

the desire to live up to societies expectations and conform

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57
Q

postconventional idea of morailty inclides what

A

self imposed morals and ethics

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58
Q

highest level of morality accordig to kohlberg, most people do not make it here

A

postconventional

59
Q

hedonism refers to which level of kohlbergs moral levels

A

pre-conventional

60
Q

the zone of proximal development was pioneered by who

A

lev vygotsky

61
Q

what is the zone of proximal development

A

the diference between a child’s performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor

62
Q

2 maturationists

A

freud and erikson

63
Q

what does a maturarionist believe

A

look at question 24 page 50 of book

64
Q

bowlbys name is most closley associated with

A

psychologists and pediatrician arnold gesell a maturationist

65
Q

bowlby believed in bonding he coined the term object loss which referred to

A

a bond being severed at an early age

66
Q

bowlby called the childs dependence on the female caretaker () ad he called the difficulties in this relationship resulting in adult problems ()

A
  1. symbiosis

2. psychosis

67
Q

when in the eriksonian development does a midlife crisis occur

A

generativity vs stagnation

68
Q

the researcher who is well known for work with maternal deprivation and isolation with rhesus monkey’s

A

harry harlow

69
Q

who coined the term anaclitic depression and what does it mean

A
  1. rene spitz
  2. childen who experience maternal deprivation between sixth and eight month of life, who cried more, had a hard time sleeping and had more health problems
70
Q

what might cause relationship difficulties i ault life

A

children who experienced anaclitic deppression

71
Q

boys are better at math than girls is true according to who’s research and why

A
  1. jacklin and maccoby

2. girls were not encouraged passed a certain age to care about math and sciences

72
Q

eriksonsian stage focusing on sharing your life with someone is

A

intimacy vs isolation

73
Q

confomity peaks at what age

A

early teens

74
Q

contact comfort was coined by who and means what

A
  1. harlow

2. getting comfort from being in contact with a caregiver

75
Q

eros is what stinct and tahnatos is what instinct

A
  1. life

2. detah

76
Q

terms having to do with freud;s dream theory

A
  1. latent

2. manifesr

77
Q

latent is

A

content of the dream

78
Q

manifest is

A

what the dream means

79
Q

suicidal clinets may make attemtps after the depprsion begins to lift

A

t

80
Q

approximate suicide rate a year in the US is

A

11/100,000

81
Q

the fear if death is the greatestwhen

A

the midle ages

82
Q

in what psychosexual stage does attachement form

A

oral, the first

83
Q

what do girls tend to be more inlined to be like growing up

A
  1. smile more
  2. use more feeling words by age 2
  3. better able to read people without verbal cues at any age
84
Q

what do boys tend to be more inclined to be like growing up

A
  1. physcally active/agggresive

2. better visual perception skills

85
Q

least sexualized stage in freidian theory is

A

latency

86
Q

when does latency occur

A

6-12

87
Q

what was coopersmisths study basically about

A

the difference between children with high and low self-esteem and punishment. he found that children with high self-esteem were punished just as often but they were given more rules and the emphasis was placed on the moral right and wrong of the action not the child.

88
Q

development is cepholacaudal means

A

it begins at the head and moves down to the tail or the feet

89
Q

heretability is just

A

the portion of a trait that can be explained by genetic factors

90
Q

what hapens in the fomral operatios stage and how old is the person when they do

A
  1. abstract thinkning emerges

2. age 11 and beyond

91
Q

morl deveopmente has how many stages and how many levels

A
  1. 3, 6
92
Q

preconventional levels

A
  1. punishment and obedience

2. instrumental and egotistic

93
Q

conventionla levels

A
  1. interpersonal concordance
  2. law and order

good girl good boy stage

94
Q

post-conventioal most dont make it levels

A
  1. social contract

2. universal ethicl principle

95
Q

when is the eodipus stage in a young child’s life take place

A

the phallic stage

96
Q

when does the phallic stage occur

A

3-5

97
Q

how is the electra and eodopul complex resolved

A

the child learns to relate to the parent of the same sex and take on their values thus creating the superego

98
Q

who is the father of psychoanalysis

A

freud

99
Q

gibson reached the concept of depth perception in children by using what

A

a visual cliff

he found that depth perception is an innate in born ability

100
Q

theoristst who belive ethat development is just quantitative change are referred to as

A

empiricists

101
Q

empriciicsm is the forrunner of behaviorism

A

t

102
Q

an empiricist view of development woould be

A

behavioristic

103
Q

believes that developmental strides are qualitative

A

organicism

104
Q

reflexes are developed within what of Piaget’s stages

A

sensorimotor

105
Q

the schema of permenancy and constancy occurs in what of Piaget’s stages

A

sensorimotor-birth to 2 years

106
Q

pigates stages and ages

A
  1. sensorimotor birth to 2 years
  2. preoporational 2-7
  3. concrete operational 7-12
  4. formal operational 12-death
107
Q

the term ethology refers to

A

the study of animals behavior in their natural environments

108
Q

a child who fixates on one detail of a clown would be displaying what, when does it take place in piagetian development

A
  1. centration

2. preoperational stage

109
Q

piaget belived that children in the formal operational stage learned best from what and should not endure long lectures

A
  1. their own expeirences
110
Q

when does aquisition of symoblic schema occur in children

A

preoperational stage

111
Q

read about r.j. havinghurst on page 69-70

A

t

112
Q

the tendency for adult females in the united states to wear high heels is best explained by

A

sex role socialization

113
Q

the sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of

A

bowlby

114
Q

a counselor who is seeing a fifteen year old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind what two things

A
  1. girls possess better verbal skills than booys

2. boys possess better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls

115
Q

brothers begin screaming at eachother during family counseling session. the term that best describes this phenomenon is

A

sibling rivalry

116
Q

the anamistic stage according to piaget is when and includes what

A
  1. preoperational stage 2-7

2. when human characteristics are applied to inanimate objects

117
Q

elementary schoool counseling and guidance services are

A

new and did not gain traction until the 1960’s

118
Q

reserach related to elementay school counselors indivates that

A

they are effectuve, they make a difference ad there should be more

119
Q

according to the yale reseatch by daniel j. levinson

A
  1. 80% of men experienceed moderate to midlife crisis

2. an age 30 midlife crisis occurs when men feel like it is too late to make changes

120
Q

oral is to freud as () is to eriskon

A

trust v mistrust

121
Q

which theorist ws cnercneed with of maternal deprivatin

A

harlow

122
Q

when development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client suffers from what

A

fixation

123
Q

where did freud believe morality developed from

A

the superego

124
Q

who designed the “parent ego state” which talks about the shoulds the musts and the oughts of morality

A

eric berne

125
Q

which theorist would say that aggressionis an inborn tendency

A

frank lorenz, he compared us to wolves and baboons saying we needed to get our anger out and reach a state of catharsis

126
Q

names for person-centered therapy by carl rogers

A
  1. nondirective first

2. client centered

127
Q

who was named the father of guidance and why

A
  1. frank parsons

2. set up centers in the 1900s to help people search for work

128
Q

the statement “bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not” is most closely associated with who?

A

kohlbersgs premoral stage and the preconventional level of morality

129
Q

piaget’s two stages of morality

A
  1. heteronomous stage-4-7(rules are set in stone)

2. autonomous stage -10(can be altered and changed when necessary)

130
Q

imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. who did the most work on this

A

konrad lorenz

131
Q

marital satisfaction

A

often descreases upon having children and is at its lowest before a child leaves

132
Q

malsow is famous for his hierarchy of needs which postulates that

A

lower order needs like food and shelter must be met before higher order needs like self actualization can be. he did not belive in behaviorism or analytic psychology as he saw them as dehumanizing

133
Q

to research the dilema of self actualization maslow

A

interviwed the best people he could find who had transncended the average

134
Q

piaget is a

A

structualist who belives that stage changes are qualitative

135
Q

()factors caue down syndomre

A

genetic, they have an extra chromosome

136
Q

in piagetian nomenclatue the balance between assimilation and accommodation would be called

A

equilibration

137
Q

counselors who are maturationists do what

A

allow clients to work through early conflicts

138
Q

ritulistic behaviors perfomred a member of a species would be known as

A

fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli (FAP)

139
Q

hysteria is when

A

an organiz symptom is displayed like (deafness, blindness or paralysis) but not physiological causes are evident

140
Q

robert kegan speaks of a holdin environment in counseling in which

A

a cliejnt can fnd meaning in th face of crisis

141
Q

kegan;s six stages of lifespan development

A 
1. incorprative 
2 impulzive
3. imperial
4. interpersonal 
5. institutiional 
6. interindividual
142
Q

most experts aggre that

A

no one theory can completyly explain the development processes so all counselors should be familiar with all theories

143
Q

maslows hiararchy of needs

A
  1. survivla
  2. security
  3. saftey
  4. love
  5. self esteem
  6. self actualization

NCE studying notes (9 decks)

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