human growth and development Flashcards
1
Q
freuds stages are psychosexual while erik erikson’s are
A
psychosocial
2
Q
what are the psychosexual stages from freud
A
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
3
Q
erikson’s eight psychosocial stages
A
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame and doubt
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- integrity vs despair
4
Q
psychometric psychology is
A
mental testing or measurement
5
Q
psychodiagnostic
A
study of personality through interpretation of behavior
6
Q
psychopharmacology
A
effects of drugs on psychological functioning
7
Q
in freudian psychology instincts are emphasized. erik erikson is an ego psychologist. ego psychologists do what
A
believe in mans power of reasoning to control behavior
8
Q
behaviorists do not believe in what
A
concepts like the id the ego or the superego, they believe if it cant be measured it doesn’t exist
9
Q
radical behaviorists do not believe in things like
A
- the mind
2. consciousness
10
Q
the only psychoanalsyt to create a developmental theory which encompasses the entire lifespan was
A
erik erikson, the last stage starts at age 60
11
Q
the statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of
A
freud
12
Q
jay haley is associated with
A
the technique of paradox
13
Q
arnold lazarus is a pioneer in what kind of therapy and what technique for dealing with phobias
A
- behavior therapy
2. systematic desentizition
14
Q
perry stresses a concept known as
A
dualistic thinknig
15
Q
dualistic thinknign is
A
black and white thinking
16
Q
dualistc thinking is common to what age group
A
teens
17
Q
thikning that occurs on entering adulthood
A
reletivistuc thinkning
18
Q
robert kegan’s theory or development
A
constritve model of development
19
Q
constructive model of developemtn assumes that people
A
construct reality throughout their lifespan
20
Q
what is the order of jean piaget’s theory of development
A
- sensorimotor
- preoperation
- concrete operations
- formal operatios
21
Q
behavioralscientists were critical of piaget and his work because
A
he often used observatuons of his own children.
22
Q
a tall skinny pictcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. a child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. the child has not yet mastered
A
conservation
23
Q
when does conservation become mastered by a child and which stage
A
- 7-11
2. concrete operations
24
Q
in piaget’s theory the idea of conservation would most likely refer to
A
volume or mass
25
children learn about concepts in piagets theory in what order
1. mass
2. volume
3. weight
26
when does the child master conservation
concrete operations
27
i expanded on piaget's conceptualization of moral development
lawrence kohlberg
28
who was the leading theorist in moral development
lawrence kohlberg
29
disagreed with piaget's theory that developmental stages take place naturally. believed they unfold due to educational intervention
lev vygotsky
30
kohlberg, erikson and maslow followed what kind of nature for their theories
epigenetic
31
epigenetic means
stages emerge from the one before it
32
father. of behaviorism and when did he coin the term
1. john b. Watson
| 2. 1912
33
when does a child master the concept of reversibility
concrete operations
34
one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape. is the concept of
reversibility
35
during a thunderstorm, a 6-year old child in piaget;s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says "the rain is following me" this is an example of
egontrism
36
egocentrism in piaget's developmental stages refers to the fact that children in the preoperational stage cannot do what
veiew the world from someone elses perspectve
37
lawrence kohlberg suggested
three levels of morality
38
kohlberg levels of morality
1. pre-conventional
2. conventional
3. post-conventional
39
hienz story is to kohlberg's theory as
a typing test is to the level of typing skill mastered (visit page 45-46 to understand and review why)
40
RS in the feild of psychology means
religious and spiritual
41
RS factors are considered by counselors trying to integrate what kind of psychology
positive
42
positive psychology was coined by () and popularized by ()
1. abraham maslow
| 2. martin seligman
43
positve psychology refers to the study of human strengths like
1. joy
2. wisdom
3. altruism
4. the ability to love
5. and happiness
44
the term idenoty crisis comes from who's work
eriksons
45
kohlbergs three levels of morality
1. pre-conventional
2. conventional
3. post-conventional
46
level of morality that was never reached by most people, where the common good of society is a key issue
post-conventional
47
harry stack sullivan stages
1. infancy
2. childhood
3. the juvinlie era
4. preadolesenecnece
5. early adolesencence
6. and late adoleesncenec
48
sullivans theory name
the psychiatry of interpersonal relations
49
how is sullivans theory similar to erksons
the biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands of society
50
a person who has successfully gioteen through eriksons first 7 stages would then enter what final stage
integrity vs despair
51
what age does someone reach the integrity vs despair stage
60
52
in kohlberg;s irst or preconventionla stage an individuals moral behavior is guided by
consenqences
53
pre-conventional can also be known as
pre-moral
54
fugue state refers to someone expeirncing what
memory loss(amnesa) andleaves home with teh intention of changing a job or identity
55
counter conditioning is
when someone wekaens or eliminates a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response
56
kohlbergs second level of morality the conventional is characterized by what
the desire to live up to societies expectations and conform
57
postconventional idea of morailty inclides what
self imposed morals and ethics
58
highest level of morality accordig to kohlberg, most people do not make it here
postconventional
59
hedonism refers to which level of kohlbergs moral levels
pre-conventional
60
the zone of proximal development was pioneered by who
lev vygotsky
61
what is the zone of proximal development
the diference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor
62
2 maturationists
freud and erikson
63
what does a maturarionist believe
look at question 24 page 50 of book
64
bowlbys name is most closley associated with
psychologists and pediatrician arnold gesell a maturationist
65
bowlby believed in bonding he coined the term object loss which referred to
a bond being severed at an early age
66
bowlby called the childs dependence on the female caretaker () ad he called the difficulties in this relationship resulting in adult problems ()
1. symbiosis
| 2. psychosis
67
when in the eriksonian development does a midlife crisis occur
generativity vs stagnation
68
the researcher who is well known for work with maternal deprivation and isolation with rhesus monkey's
harry harlow
69
who coined the term anaclitic depression and what does it mean
1. rene spitz
2. childen who experience maternal deprivation between sixth and eight month of life, who cried more, had a hard time sleeping and had more health problems
70
what might cause relationship difficulties i ault life
children who experienced anaclitic deppression
71
boys are better at math than girls is true according to who's research and why
1. jacklin and maccoby
| 2. girls were not encouraged passed a certain age to care about math and sciences
72
eriksonsian stage focusing on sharing your life with someone is
intimacy vs isolation
73
confomity peaks at what age
early teens
74
contact comfort was coined by who and means what
1. harlow
| 2. getting comfort from being in contact with a caregiver
75
eros is what stinct and tahnatos is what instinct
1. life
| 2. detah
76
terms having to do with freud;s dream theory
1. latent
| 2. manifesr
77
latent is
content of the dream
78
manifest is
what the dream means
79
suicidal clinets may make attemtps after the depprsion begins to lift
t
80
approximate suicide rate a year in the US is
11/100,000
81
the fear if death is the greatestwhen
the midle ages
82
in what psychosexual stage does attachement form
oral, the first
83
what do girls tend to be more inlined to be like growing up
1. smile more
2. use more feeling words by age 2
3. better able to read people without verbal cues at any age
84
what do boys tend to be more inclined to be like growing up
1. physcally active/agggresive
| 2. better visual perception skills
85
least sexualized stage in freidian theory is
latency
86
when does latency occur
6-12
87
what was coopersmisths study basically about
the difference between children with high and low self-esteem and punishment. he found that children with high self-esteem were punished just as often but they were given more rules and the emphasis was placed on the moral right and wrong of the action not the child.
88
development is cepholacaudal means
it begins at the head and moves down to the tail or the feet
89
heretability is just
the portion of a trait that can be explained by genetic factors
90
what hapens in the fomral operatios stage and how old is the person when they do
1. abstract thinkning emerges
| 2. age 11 and beyond
91
morl deveopmente has how many stages and how many levels
1. 3, 6
92
preconventional levels
1. punishment and obedience
| 2. instrumental and egotistic
93
conventionla levels
1. interpersonal concordance
2. law and order
good girl good boy stage
94
post-conventioal most dont make it levels
1. social contract
| 2. universal ethicl principle
95
when is the eodipus stage in a young child's life take place
the phallic stage
96
when does the phallic stage occur
3-5
97
how is the electra and eodopul complex resolved
the child learns to relate to the parent of the same sex and take on their values thus creating the superego
98
who is the father of psychoanalysis
freud
99
gibson reached the concept of depth perception in children by using what
a visual cliff
he found that depth perception is an innate in born ability
100
theoristst who belive ethat development is just quantitative change are referred to as
empiricists
101
empriciicsm is the forrunner of behaviorism
t
102
an empiricist view of development woould be
behavioristic
103
believes that developmental strides are qualitative
organicism
104
reflexes are developed within what of Piaget's stages
sensorimotor
105
the schema of permenancy and constancy occurs in what of Piaget's stages
sensorimotor-birth to 2 years
106
pigates stages and ages
1. sensorimotor birth to 2 years
2. preoporational 2-7
3. concrete operational 7-12
4. formal operational 12-death
107
the term ethology refers to
the study of animals behavior in their natural environments
108
a child who fixates on one detail of a clown would be displaying what, when does it take place in piagetian development
1. centration
| 2. preoperational stage
109
piaget belived that children in the formal operational stage learned best from what and should not endure long lectures
1. their own expeirences
110
when does aquisition of symoblic schema occur in children
preoperational stage
111
read about r.j. havinghurst on page 69-70
t
112
the tendency for adult females in the united states to wear high heels is best explained by
sex role socialization
113
the sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of
bowlby
114
a counselor who is seeing a fifteen year old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind what two things
1. girls possess better verbal skills than booys
| 2. boys possess better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls
115
brothers begin screaming at eachother during family counseling session. the term that best describes this phenomenon is
sibling rivalry
116
the anamistic stage according to piaget is when and includes what
1. preoperational stage 2-7
| 2. when human characteristics are applied to inanimate objects
117
elementary schoool counseling and guidance services are
new and did not gain traction until the 1960's
118
reserach related to elementay school counselors indivates that
they are effectuve, they make a difference ad there should be more
119
according to the yale reseatch by daniel j. levinson
1. 80% of men experienceed moderate to midlife crisis
| 2. an age 30 midlife crisis occurs when men feel like it is too late to make changes
120
oral is to freud as () is to eriskon
trust v mistrust
121
which theorist ws cnercneed with of maternal deprivatin
harlow
122
when development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client suffers from what
fixation
123
where did freud believe morality developed from
the superego
124
who designed the "parent ego state" which talks about the shoulds the musts and the oughts of morality
eric berne
125
which theorist would say that aggressionis an inborn tendency
frank lorenz, he compared us to wolves and baboons saying we needed to get our anger out and reach a state of catharsis
126
names for person-centered therapy by carl rogers
1. nondirective first
| 2. client centered
127
who was named the father of guidance and why
1. frank parsons
| 2. set up centers in the 1900s to help people search for work
128
the statement "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with who?
kohlbersgs premoral stage and the preconventional level of morality
129
piaget's two stages of morality
1. heteronomous stage-4-7(rules are set in stone)
| 2. autonomous stage -10(can be altered and changed when necessary)
130
imprinting is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. who did the most work on this
konrad lorenz
131
marital satisfaction
often descreases upon having children and is at its lowest before a child leaves
132
malsow is famous for his hierarchy of needs which postulates that
lower order needs like food and shelter must be met before higher order needs like self actualization can be. he did not belive in behaviorism or analytic psychology as he saw them as dehumanizing
133
to research the dilema of self actualization maslow
interviwed the best people he could find who had transncended the average
134
piaget is a
structualist who belives that stage changes are qualitative
135
()factors caue down syndomre
genetic, they have an extra chromosome
136
in piagetian nomenclatue the balance between assimilation and accommodation would be called
equilibration
137
counselors who are maturationists do what
allow clients to work through early conflicts
138
ritulistic behaviors perfomred a member of a species would be known as
fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli (FAP)
139
hysteria is when
an organiz symptom is displayed like (deafness, blindness or paralysis) but not physiological causes are evident
140
robert kegan speaks of a holdin environment in counseling in which
a cliejnt can fnd meaning in th face of crisis
141
kegan;s six stages of lifespan development
```
1. incorprative
2 impulzive
3. imperial
4. interpersonal
5. institutiional
6. interindividual
```
142
most experts aggre that
no one theory can completyly explain the development processes so all counselors should be familiar with all theories
143
maslows hiararchy of needs
1. survivla
2. security
3. saftey
4. love
5. self esteem
6. self actualization
