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Research and Design Flashcards

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1
Q

Data

What are the 2 types of data ?

A

Qualitative
Quantitative

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2
Q

Data

What is Qualitative data?

A

Opinions and experiences

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3
Q

Data

What is Quantitative data?

A

Number based data

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4
Q

Data

What is an aim?

A

Statement of purpose

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5
Q

Data

What is a Hypothesis?
(and the 2 types of hypothesis)

A

a prediction using both iv and dv (null and experimental)

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6
Q

Data

What is an experimental hypothesis?

A

It predicts difference

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7
Q

Data

What is a Null hypothesis?

A

It predicts no difference so can be disproved and operationalised

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8
Q

Data

What is operationalising?

A

makes something measurable

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9
Q

Data

What is a directional hypothesis

A

It is one tailed stating something will happen

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10
Q

Data

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

It is two tailed and states that something will happen but not definite as to what

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11
Q

Variables

What is an independent variable?

A

The manipulated variable

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12
Q

Variables

What is a dependant variable?

A

The measured variable (depends on independent variable)

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13
Q

Variables

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Other factors that may influence results

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14
Q

Variables

What is a situational variable?

A

Variables connected with the research situation

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15
Q

Variables

What are participant variables?

A

Any characteristics of individual participants. Some may perform better in one condition due to characteristics.

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16
Q

Variables

What are demand characteristics?

A

When participants try to make sense of the research they begin to act accordingly which makes results invalid

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17
Q

Variables

What are investigator effects?

A

Results from effect of researchers behaviour and characteristics of investigator.

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18
Q

Variables

What are expectation effects?

A

Can occur when a researcher is deeply committed to a certain outcome so results become biased

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19
Q

Variables

What is randomisation?

A

refers to use of chance to reduce researchers influence

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20
Q

Variables

How do you deal with demand characteristics?

A

Single blind procedure
Double blind procedure

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21
Q

Variables

What is a single blind procedure?

A

Where participants do not know the hypothesis or which conditions they are in. Minimalised demand characteristics.

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22
Q

Variables

What is a double-blind procedure?

A

Where neither investigator or participants know hypothesis or conditions.

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23
Q

Sampling

What are the types of sampling?

A

Random
Systematic
Stratified
Opportunity
Volunteer sampling
Snowball sampling

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24
Q

Sampling

What is population validity?

A

depends on the choice of population and on the extent to which the study sample mirrors that population.

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25
Q

Sampling

What is random sampling?

A

Everyone has equal chances of being selected. High population validity

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26
Q

Sampling

What is systematic sampling?

A

Sampling by every nth person

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27
Q

Sampling

What is stratified sampling?

A

Its proportional to the population

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28
Q

Sampling

What is opportunistic sampling?

A

Choosing participants from those who are available

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29
Q

Sampling

What is volunteer sampling?

A

Self-selected sampling

30
Q

Sampling

What is snowball sampling?

A

When one volunteer recommends another

31
Q

Design

What is experimental design?

A

Refers to how you organise participants within the conditions.

32
Q

Design

What are independent measures?

A

-Recruit a group of participants divide into 2
-one group does one iv condition and other does the second iv
-measure dv for each and compare

33
Q

Design

What are repeated measures?

A

One group does both iv conditions and then compare the differences

34
Q

Ethics

What is the ethical code of conduct?

A

A set of principles for professionals

35
Q

Ethics

Who are the Research ethics committee?

(REC)

A

A group who approve a study before it begins

36
Q

Ethics

What is informed consent?

A

A participant must know the aims and expectations before consenting

37
Q

Ethics

What is gate keeper consent?

A

If a participant cant understand (age or capacity) a trusted adult must consent on behalf.

38
Q

Ethics

What is right to withdraw?

A

Participants can withdraw at any time and must be informed

39
Q

Ethics

What is protection from harm?

A

Psychologists responsible for protetcing physical and mental states of participants.

40
Q

Ethics

What is deception?

A

Information must not be withheld from participants

41
Q

Ethics

What is consent in obeservational research?

A

participants privacy must be protected in observational research and must give consent to be observed if the research is in an unnatural setting

42
Q

Ethics

What is debreifing?

A

After investingation participants must be fully debreifed about nature of research

43
Q

Ethics

What is confidentiality?

A

A right for personal information to be kept private

44
Q

Ethics

What is data protection?

A

Info collected is owned by participant. Names shouldnt be recorded (anonymity) and data should be stored securely

45
Q

Ethics - animal rights

Why are animals used in research?

A

Law requires for new drugs to be tested on 2 mammals before humans

46
Q

Ethics - animal rights

What are the 3 Rs for animal rights?

A

Replacement
Reduction
Refinement

47
Q

Ethics - animal rights

What is replacement?

A

Animals should be replaced with suitable alternatives

48
Q

Ethics - animal rights

What is reduction?

A

Reduce amount of animals used to a minimum

49
Q

Ethics - animal rights

What is refinement?

A

Methods used must be refined to reduce pain or suffering

50
Q

Ethics

What does socially sensitive mean?

A

Anything that could have negative implications for a group

51
Q

Experiments

What are the strengths of lab experiments?

A
  • easy to replicate
  • more accurate data
  • data is more objective (factful)
52
Q

Experiments

What are the weaknesses of lab experiments?

A
  • artificial environments - produce demand characteristics
  • high chance of investigator effects
53
Q

Experiments

What are the strengths of field experiments?

A
  • can conclude cause and effect
  • higher ecological validity
  • reduced demand characteristics
54
Q

Experiments

What are the weaknesses of field experiments?

A
  • less control over extraneous variables
  • more time consuming
55
Q

Experiments

What experiments cant manipulate i.v?

A

Natural
Quasi

56
Q

Experiments

What is a natural experiment?

A

When the iv occurs naturally

57
Q

Experiments

What is a Quasi experiment?

A

Based on existing differences eg. gender and race

58
Q

Experiments

What are the strengths of natural/quasi experiments?

A

-access to study ivs that are impossible to manipulate ethically
-high ecological validity

59
Q

Experiments

What are the weaknesses of natural/quasi experiments?

A
  • problems with internal validity
  • no random allocation of conditions
60
Q

Reliability and validity

What is validity?

A

Does the study measure what it says ?

61
Q

Reliability and validity

What is reliablitity?

A

Whether we can get the same results repeatedly

62
Q

Reliability and validity

What is internal validity?

A

If the outcome is the result of manipulated variables

63
Q

Reliability and validity

What is external validity?

A

How well we can genralise findings

64
Q

Reliability and validity

What is internal reliablility?

A

consistency within a test

65
Q

Reliability and validity

What is external reliability?

A

The ability to produce same reults

66
Q

Reliability and validity

What is ecological validity?

A

how we can generalise results based on setting

67
Q

Reliability and validity

What is face validity?

A

A simple judgement to see if a test is valid

68
Q

Reliability and validity

What is concurrent validity?

A

If there are similarities to other measures

69
Q

Reliability and validity

What is predictive validity?

A

How well a test predicts performance

70
Q

Reliability and validity

What is temporal validity?

A

An old study that may lack validity

71
Q

Reliability and validity

A

Psychology (5 decks)

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