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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is capacity?

A

maximum amaount of information memory can hold

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2
Q

What is coding

A

how memory modifies information so it can be stored

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3
Q

What is duration?

A

length of time a memory stays stored

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4
Q

Multi-store model (MSM)

Who proposed the multi-store model?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968

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5
Q

Multi-store model (MSM)

What is the multi store model?

A

memory divided into a model of stages information passed through

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6
Q

Multi-store model (MSM)

What are problems with MSM?

A
  • oversimplifies memory
  • no account for different types of things to remember
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7
Q

Sensory memory

What is sensory memory?

A

everything we see, touch and taste

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8
Q

Sensory memory

What are the stores called in sensory memory?

A

Sensory registers

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9
Q

Sensory memory

What do the sensory registers do?

A

holds information gathered from senses for a short time

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10
Q

Sensory memory

What does multi sensory encoding include?

A
  • Iconic - visual
  • Echoic - sound
  • Haptic - touch
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11
Q

Sensory memory

What is the capacity of sensory memory?

A

large

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12
Q

Sensory memory

How long is information held in sensory memory?

A

milliseconds for visual and 2-3 seconds for auditory

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13
Q

Memory

What are the stores for encoding ?

A
  • acoustic - sound
  • visual - appearance
  • semantics - meaning
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14
Q

Short term memory (STM)

What is the main way of encoding in STM?

A

Acoustic

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15
Q

Short term memory (STM)

Where does evidence of encoding come from?

A

Substitution errors

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16
Q

Short term memory (STM)

What are substitution errors?

A

when people substitute information for similar information that needs to be learnt - likely to confuse info

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17
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

What is long term memory?

A

storage of info over a long period of time with potentially unlimited storage

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18
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

How long does it take for info to be transferred to LTM?

A

30 seconds

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19
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

What is the main encoding for LTM?

A

Semantic - meaning

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20
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

What are the types of LTM?

A

Declarative and procedural

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21
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

What is Procedural memory?

implicit

A

unconscious skills that require no conscious thought eg. walking

22
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

What is declarative memory?

explicit

A

Conscious memory we have for facts and events

23
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

What are the 2 types of declarative memory?

A
  • semantic
  • episodic
24
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

What is semantic memory?

A

general knowledge about the world

25
Q

Long term memory (LTM)

What is episodic memory?

A

experiences and personal recollections of episodes of our lives

26
Q

Forgetting

What is interference?

A

when one memory disrupts ability to remember another

27
Q

Forgetting

What are the 2 types of interference?

A
  • proactive
  • retroactive
28
Q

Forgetting

What is proactive interference?

A

when previously learnt information interferes with new info

29
Q

Forgetting

What is retroactive interference?

A

new information interfering with old info

30
Q

Forgetting

What are the 2 types of forgetting?

A
  • context
  • state
31
Q

Forgetting

What is cue-dependent forgetting?

A

retreival failure - memorys stored in LTM but cant be accessed

32
Q

Forgetting

What was Tulvings retreival failure forgetting theory?

1972

A

We cant access a memory until the right cue is used

33
Q

Forgetting

What is context dependent forgetting?

A

when environment during recall is different to the environment information was learnt

34
Q

Forgetting

What is State-dependent forgetting?

A

when mood/psychological state is different during recall then when information was learnt

35
Q

Central executive WMM

What is the central executive system?

A

a poorly nderstood component of wmm said to direct info to slave systems

36
Q

Central executive WMM

What is the CE supported by?

A

2 slave systems that work independently to eachother

37
Q

Central executive WMM

What are the slave systems?

A
  • articulatory phonological loop
  • visuo-spatial sketchpad
38
Q

Central executive WMM

What is the articulatory phonological loop?

A

holds information regarding words

39
Q

Central executive WMM

What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

A

STM for visual and spatial information

40
Q

Episodic buffer

What is Episodic buffer?

A

In the working memory model combining information from the other components to make a sensible memory

41
Q

Working memory model (WMM)

Who proposed the working memory model?

A

Baddeley and Hitch

42
Q

Working memory model (WMM)

What is the working memory model?

A

description of stm as a system with multiple components

43
Q

Working memory model (WMM)

What are the strengths of the WMM?

A
  • influential
  • evidential research to support
  • makes sense of a range of tasks
44
Q

Working memory model (WMM)

What are the weaknesses of the WMM?

A
  • doesnt offer complete understanding of how memory works
  • fails to account for musical memory
45
Q

Eye witness testimony

What is EWT?

A

When a victim/witness of something recalls their account of events based upon what they visually remember

46
Q

Eye witness testimony

Who was Loftus and what did she do?

A

a professor who did extensive research into ewt and its flaws based on external influence

47
Q

Eye witness testimony

What are the 3 stages of EWT?

A
  1. witness encodes details of event into LTM
  2. witness retains information
  3. witness retreives memory from storage
48
Q

Eye witness testimony

Why are the 3 stages flawed?

A

after a shocking event or an event in gereral memory can quickly become distorted and reconstructed unaccurately

49
Q

Eye witness testimony

Who led the misleading questions study?

A

Loftus and Palmer

50
Q

EWT

What is a leading question?

A

a question which encourages a certain answer

51
Q

Eye witness testimony

What was the misleading questions study?

A

a look into whether asking leading questions alters someones account of the situation post event.

Psychology (5 decks)

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