Memory Flashcards
What is capacity?
maximum amaount of information memory can hold
What is coding
how memory modifies information so it can be stored
What is duration?
length of time a memory stays stored
Multi-store model (MSM)
Who proposed the multi-store model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968
Multi-store model (MSM)
What is the multi store model?
memory divided into a model of stages information passed through
Multi-store model (MSM)
What are problems with MSM?
- oversimplifies memory
- no account for different types of things to remember
Sensory memory
What is sensory memory?
everything we see, touch and taste
Sensory memory
What are the stores called in sensory memory?
Sensory registers
Sensory memory
What do the sensory registers do?
holds information gathered from senses for a short time
Sensory memory
What does multi sensory encoding include?
- Iconic - visual
- Echoic - sound
- Haptic - touch
Sensory memory
What is the capacity of sensory memory?
large
Sensory memory
How long is information held in sensory memory?
milliseconds for visual and 2-3 seconds for auditory
Memory
What are the stores for encoding ?
- acoustic - sound
- visual - appearance
- semantics - meaning
Short term memory (STM)
What is the main way of encoding in STM?
Acoustic
Short term memory (STM)
Where does evidence of encoding come from?
Substitution errors
Short term memory (STM)
What are substitution errors?
when people substitute information for similar information that needs to be learnt - likely to confuse info
Long term memory (LTM)
What is long term memory?
storage of info over a long period of time with potentially unlimited storage
Long term memory (LTM)
How long does it take for info to be transferred to LTM?
30 seconds
Long term memory (LTM)
What is the main encoding for LTM?
Semantic - meaning
Long term memory (LTM)
What are the types of LTM?
Declarative and procedural
Long term memory (LTM)
What is Procedural memory?
implicit
unconscious skills that require no conscious thought eg. walking
Long term memory (LTM)
What is declarative memory?
explicit
Conscious memory we have for facts and events
Long term memory (LTM)
What are the 2 types of declarative memory?
- semantic
- episodic
Long term memory (LTM)
What is semantic memory?
general knowledge about the world
Long term memory (LTM)
What is episodic memory?
experiences and personal recollections of episodes of our lives
Forgetting
What is interference?
when one memory disrupts ability to remember another
Forgetting
What are the 2 types of interference?
- proactive
- retroactive
Forgetting
What is proactive interference?
when previously learnt information interferes with new info
Forgetting
What is retroactive interference?
new information interfering with old info
Forgetting
What are the 2 types of forgetting?
- context
- state
Forgetting
What is cue-dependent forgetting?
retreival failure - memorys stored in LTM but cant be accessed
Forgetting
What was Tulvings retreival failure forgetting theory?
1972
We cant access a memory until the right cue is used
Forgetting
What is context dependent forgetting?
when environment during recall is different to the environment information was learnt
Forgetting
What is State-dependent forgetting?
when mood/psychological state is different during recall then when information was learnt
Central executive WMM
What is the central executive system?
a poorly nderstood component of wmm said to direct info to slave systems
Central executive WMM
What is the CE supported by?
2 slave systems that work independently to eachother
Central executive WMM
What are the slave systems?
- articulatory phonological loop
- visuo-spatial sketchpad
Central executive WMM
What is the articulatory phonological loop?
holds information regarding words
Central executive WMM
What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
STM for visual and spatial information
Episodic buffer
What is Episodic buffer?
In the working memory model combining information from the other components to make a sensible memory
Working memory model (WMM)
Who proposed the working memory model?
Baddeley and Hitch
Working memory model (WMM)
What is the working memory model?
description of stm as a system with multiple components
Working memory model (WMM)
What are the strengths of the WMM?
- influential
- evidential research to support
- makes sense of a range of tasks
Working memory model (WMM)
What are the weaknesses of the WMM?
- doesnt offer complete understanding of how memory works
- fails to account for musical memory
Eye witness testimony
What is EWT?
When a victim/witness of something recalls their account of events based upon what they visually remember
Eye witness testimony
Who was Loftus and what did she do?
a professor who did extensive research into ewt and its flaws based on external influence
Eye witness testimony
What are the 3 stages of EWT?
- witness encodes details of event into LTM
- witness retains information
- witness retreives memory from storage
Eye witness testimony
Why are the 3 stages flawed?
after a shocking event or an event in gereral memory can quickly become distorted and reconstructed unaccurately
Eye witness testimony
Who led the misleading questions study?
Loftus and Palmer
EWT
What is a leading question?
a question which encourages a certain answer
Eye witness testimony
What was the misleading questions study?
a look into whether asking leading questions alters someones account of the situation post event.
