Research Flashcards

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1
Q

Parts of the brain affected by drugs

A

Reward Pathway, especially the dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (this area communicates with the nucleus accumbens)

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2
Q

Learning and Memory: Reflexes

A

Using a sea slug found that certain stimuli resulted in more robust protective reflexes, which is a form of learning. Reflex is short-term

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3
Q

Learning and Memory: -

A

Found that stronger stimuli activate genes that result in changing protein levels -> growth to synapses. Long-term forms

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4
Q

Amblyopia

A

Monkeys and cats for amblyopia (vision of one eye is greatly reduced because the eyes do not work well together)

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5
Q

Microdialysis

A

Measures the amount of a brain chemical found in a specified area of the brain (inject radioactive amino acid into cells)

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6
Q

Electrophysiology

A

Study of electrical properties of neurons

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7
Q

PET

A

Positron Emission Tomography. Measure blood flow or energy consumption in the brain. Detect radioactivity emitted when positrons, positvely charged particles, undergo radioactive decay in the brain

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8
Q

PET Use

A

Understand stroke, depression, and Parkinson’s disease (change in release of neurotransmitters)

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9
Q

SPECT

A

Single photon emission computed tomography - similar to PET, but pics not as detailed. Cheaper

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10
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging. High-quality, three-dimensional image of organs and inner body structures without X-ray. 15-minute procedure.

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11
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging

A

MRI procedure. Tracks fiber tracts and the connectivity between regions

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12
Q

MRS

A

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Same machinery as MRI, but measures chemicals (such as neurotransmitters) in parts of the brain, not blood flow.

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13
Q

MRS Use

A

Aging and brain development. Alzheimer’s, schizophrenia, autism, stroke

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14
Q

fMRI

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging. Compares brain activity under rest and activitiy. Combines MRI with diff/ strategy.

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15
Q

MEG

A

Magnetoencephalography. Recent, characterizes rapidly changing patterns of neural activity. Developments in combination of fMRI and MEG.

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16
Q

Optical Imaging

A

Shines weak lasers through the skull to visualize brain activity. Cheap

17
Q

NIRS

A

Near infrared spectroscopy. Skull becomes transparent.

18
Q

Event-related Optical Signal

A

Records how light scatters in rapid cellular changes

19
Q

TMS

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation. When using with fMRI, shows correlation between region and behavior.

20
Q

Chromosome Microarray

A

Newer technique used to look at the overall chromosome makeup of a person and find out if segments are missing (deletions) or in more than usual amounts (duplications)

21
Q

HTT gene condition

A

Altered in Huntington’s

22
Q

RBI gene condition

A

RBI - Causes inherited retinoblastoma (rare, highly malignant, childhood eye tumor that can lead to blindness and death)

23
Q

Walker-Warburg Syndrome

A

Problems with brain, eyes, muscles. Death in infancy or childhood. > 5 genes associated

24
Q

FMRI gene condition

A

Gene mapping found FMRI gene (abnormal in fragile X syndrome, the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability in males)

25
Q

LISI

A

Tells brain how to grow

26
Q

TSC1 and TSC2 gene mutation

A

Tuberous sclerosis complex

27
Q

MECP2 gene mutation

A

Associated with Rett syndrome