Learning & Memory

Question 1

HM Study

Answer 1

Removed medial regions of temporal lobes, resulted in severe amnesia, still retained childhood memories.

Question 2

Medial Temporal Lobe

Answer 2

organizes, consolidates, retrieves memory.
some parts are responsible for converting short-term memories to long term.

Question 3

Cortical Areas

Answer 3

long-term storage of detailed knowledge and how it’s used.

Question 4

Declarative Memory

Answer 4

ability to learn and consciously remember everyday facts and events.

Question 5

Working memory

Answer 5

prefrontal + cerebral cortical areas.

Question 6

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 6

Maintains relevant info during working memory, and combines sensory info.
Highly activated when people maintain and manipulate memories.
Works with posterior cotical areas to encode, maintain, and retrieve information for executive functioning.

Question 7

Semantic Memory

Answer 7

type of declarative knowledge, includes general facts and data.

Question 8

Episodic Memories

Answer 8

of specific personal places at a particular time and place.
Medial temporal does initial processing and storage.
Parts of parahippocampal process “what when where” of specific events, Hippocampus links these elements and integrates back to their cortical areas.

Question 9

Nondeclarative Knowledge

Answer 9

Procedural. Requires processing by basal ganglia and cerebellum (motor tasks w/ coordinated timing)

Question 10

Amygdala

Answer 10

adds emotion to memory, expressed w/ hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system.

Question 11

Memory storage

Answer 11

persistent change in synapses that occur through short-term biochemical events affecting their strength or turning on genes, stabilizing new memories.

Question 12

Long-term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 12

Long-lasting increase in the strength of a synaptic response following stimulation. Result of changes in strength of synapses at contacts involving NMDA receptors.

Question 13

LTP Molecular cascade

Answer 13

stabilizes changes in synaptic function that occur.
calcium ions –> cAMP –> enzymes (increase synaptic receptors)+ CREB (activates genes for protein synthesis) –> neurotrophins (growth of synapse, increased responsiveness to stimulation).

Question 14

Memory Storage

Answer 14

distributed collections of cortical processing systems also involved in perception, processing, and analysis of material being learned.

Question 15

Damage to Left Frontal Lobe

Answer 15

nonfluent aphasias (Broca’s): speech prod is impaired.

Question 16

Damage to Left Temporal Lobe

Answer 16

fluent aphasia (Wernicke’s): comprehension of heard speech impaired.

Question 17

Superior Temporal Lobes

Answer 17

Word deafness

Question 18

Both temporal lobes

Answer 18

recognition of speech sounds and words.

Question 19

Left dominant (frontal+posterior, temporal)

Answer 19

speech production

Question 20

FOX2 Mutation

Answer 20

impedes learning of mouth and jaw movement sequences.

Question 21

Middle & Inferior Temporal Lobe

Answer 21

systems involved in accessing meanings of words.

Question 22

Anterior Temporal Lobe

Answer 22

Sentence level comprehension

Question 23

Speech Sensory-Motor Circuit

Answer 23

Left posterior temporal lobe, thought to help speech recognition and production systems to communicate.
Speech development, verbal short-term memory.